Australija - Australia

COVID-19 informacija: Australija je na neodređeno vrijeme zatvorila svoje granice kao odgovor na Covid-19 pandemija. Postoje iznimke za australske državljane, stalne stanovnike, njihove uže obitelji, putnike koji putuju manje od 72 sata, ljude koji se vraćaju s Novog Zelanda i određene druge kategorije. Australijski državljani i stalni stanovnici koji ponovno ulaze u Australiju bit će pregledani i moraju se registrirati prije polaska i izolirati u određeni hotel pod policijskom stražom 14 dana po dolasku u Australiju, moguće o vlastitom trošku. Nepoštivanje mjera izolacije može rezultirati zadržavanjem u karanteni, značajnim novčanim kaznama i / ili kaznenim progonom. Od travnja 2021., jedine zatvorene državne granice su zapadna Australija prema Queenslanderima, dok je Brisbane proglašen crvenom zonom u viktorijanskom sustavu semafora. Putovanje s Novog Zelanda sada je nastavljeno s putnicima kojima je dozvoljen ulazak u određene države. Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova - informacije o ograničenjima ulaska i izlaska i kako se prijaviti za izuzeće Odjel za zdravstvo Australska vlada Turizam Australija Ako vam se dozvoli da uđu, australske vlasti imaju vrlo besmislen pristup u rješavanju izbijanja epidemije i mogu u kratkom roku zaključati čitave gradove ili države kao odgovor na stvaranje nakupina infekcija, što znači da biste tjednima mogli zaglaviti u nekom mjestu kraj.

(Podaci posljednji put ažurirani 9. travnja 2021.)

Ne postoji nigdje drugo slično Australija, jedina zemlja koja ima čitav kontinent za sebe. S autohtonom kulturom koja traje više od 60 000 godina i doista globalnom imigracijom iz Europe, Bliskog Istoka, Azije i Afrike, kontinent je poznat po svojim prirodnim čudima, širokim otvorenim prostorima, plažama, pustinjama, "grmlju" i " Pustinjak". Međutim, također je vrlo urbaniziran, s nizom kozmopolitskih gradova - najveće i najpoznatije biće Sydney, smještena u jednoj od najpoznatijih luka na svijetu.

Regije

Australije i glavne autoceste

Novi Južni Wales i Australijski glavni grad(NSW) i (ACT) Najmnogoljudnija država Australije također ima Sydney, najstariji i najveći grad, i okružuje namjenski izgrađeni glavni grad Canberra. Obala Novog Južnog Walesa obložena je zajednicama s plaže; malo u unutrašnjosti su planinski lanci planine Plava i Snježno planine; dalje u unutrašnjosti zemlje još uvijek zahvataju poljoprivredne ravnice ustupajući mjesto zabitima.

Sjeverni teritorij(NT) Iz crvenih pustinja koje okružuju Uluru i Alice Springs do tropskih krajeva Darwine i Nacionalni park Kakadu, Sjeverni teritorij je zapanjujuće lijep i lakši za pristup nego što možda mislite.

Queensland(QLD) Poznat po svom sunčanom toplom vremenu, Queensland nudi istraživanje obala iz vibre reke Zlatna obala u tropske krajeve Veliki koraljni greben do užurbanog grada Brisbane. Također je dom tropskih kišnih šuma Nacionalni park Daintreei otočna odmarališta Whitsundays. U unutrašnjosti se prostire zaleđe, a dalje na prostranim prostranstvima i ljepotama zaleđa Australije.

Južna Australija(SA) Poznato po dobrim vinima Dolina Barossa, ljepota Rangovi Flinders i zaleđa i događaja i kulture Grad crkava, Adelaide.

Tasmanija(TAS) Planinska država Tasmanija odvojena od kopna Bassovim tjesnacem ima neravnu ljepotu Cradle Mountain na zapadu, plaže na istoku i divljinu na jugu. Hobart je bilo drugo europsko naselje u Australiji, a mnoga su povijesna mjesta dobro očuvana.

Victoria(VIC) Mala, živahna i s ponešto za svakoga, Victoria ima dramatične surferske plaže duž jugozapadne i središnje obale, zeleno valjano obradivo zemljište i fotogenične nacionalne parkove. Sportski, trgovački, modni i prehrambeni kapital Australije i Viktorije je Melbourne.

zapadna Australija(WA) Ogromna država. Na jugozapadu se nalazi glavni grad države i glavni grad Perth. Vinogradarska i slikovita odredišta Rijeka Margaret i Albany su prema južnoj regiji. Na krajnjem sjeveru su tropi i odredište uz plažu Broome. Mali gradovi, kuće na cesti, rudarske zajednice i nacionalni parkovi raštrkani su na velikim udaljenostima između njih.

Otoci

Tasmanija je najznačajniji australski otok i samostalna država. U Australiji postoji preko 800 otoka, među ostale glavne otoke ubrajamo:

• -31.55159.083333333331 Otok Lord Howe - Izlog za prirodu, dva sata leta iz Sydneya, pod upravom države New South Wales.
• -29.033333333333167.949722222222 Otok Norfolk - Pola puta do Novog Zelanda, s prirodom i plažama, pod upravom države Novi Južni Wales.
• -10.49105.62753 Božićni otok - Poznat po migraciji crvenih rakova. Letovi iz Pertha i Kuala Lumpur.
• -12.117596.8954 Kokosovi otoci - Koraljni atoli, naseljeni, dostupni letovima iz Pertha.
• -9.8802777777778142.590555555565 Otoci Torres tjesnaca - Domorodačka kultura između rta York i Papue Nove Gvineje, a za posjet je potrebno odobrenje tradicionalnih vlasnika. Letovi iz Cairns.
• -35.833333333333137.256 Otok klokana Južne Australije, treći po veličini australski otok koji sadrži divlje životinje, prirodne krajolike, vinarije i plaže.
• -32.005115.5157 Otok Rottnest - rezervat prirode sa 63 plaže i 20 uvala, smješten u blizini Pertha i dom zloglasne Quokke
• -39.8725143.985555555568 King Island - u Basu ravno iznad Tasmanije.
• -20.29827148.925179 Otoci Whitsunday su poznato turističko odredište

Postoji nekoliko nenaseljenih otoka, uključujući Otoci koraljnog mora, Houtman Abrolhos, Otoci Ashmore i Cartier i udaljena antarktička područja Otok Heard i otoci McDonald i Otok Macquarie.

Gradovi

Gradski krajolik Sydneya noću

• -35.293055555556149.126944444441 Canberra - u relativno malom, namjenski izgrađenom glavnom gradu Australije smješteno je mnoštvo muzeja
• -34.933333333333138.583333333332 Adelaide - "Grad crkava", opuštena južnoaustralska alternativa velikim istočnim gradovima
• -27.467777777778153.027777777783 Brisbane - glavni grad sunčanog Queenslanda i izlaz na prekrasne pješčane plaže
• -16.925555555556145.775277777784 Cairns - vrata prema Velikom koraljnom grebenu, Port Douglasu, Nacionalnom parku Daintree i mnogim prekrasnim plažama i odmaralištima; izvrsno mjesto za ljude da pobjegnu i opuste se
• -12.438055555556130.841111111115 Darwine - Australijski tropski sjeverni glavni grad, na vrhu sjevernog teritorija
• -42.883333333333147.316666666676 Hobart - slikovita i tiha prijestolnica Tasmanije, mjesto drugog osuđeničkog naselja u Australiji
• -37.820555555556144.961388888897 Melbourne - Drugi najveći australijski grad, Melbourne, sportska je, trgovačka, prehrambena i kulturna prijestolnica te zemlje, a ujedno se smatra najeuropskim gradom Australije
• -31.952222222222115.858888888898 Perth - najudaljeniji kontinentalni grad na Zemlji, na jugozapadnom rubu zapadne Australije
• -33.866666666667151.29 Sydney - Najstariji i najveći australijski grad, poznat po svojoj slikovitoj luci i prirodnim ljepotama

Ostala odredišta

Dvanaest apostola

• -33.718055555556150.3105555555610 Plave planine - planinska regija u Novom Južnom Walesu, uključujući prirodno obilježje "Tri sestre"
• -37.83145.3511 Rangovi Dandenong - ovi prekrasni lanci nude vrtove i slikovita sela svjetske klase
• -19.266148.58712 Veliki koraljni greben - iz prve ruke pogledajte ovo prirodno čudo, uz obalu Queenslanda i lako dostupno iz Cairnsa
• -38.733888888889143.6872222222213 Velika oceanska cesta - spektakularna obalna vožnja u Victoriji pored mnogih živopisnih ikona, uključujući stijene "Dvanaest apostola" koje stoje u oceanu
• -13.005471132.51951214 Nacionalni park Kakadu - pustolovna avanturistička putovanja, domorodačka kultura i prirodne aktivnosti na sjevernom teritoriju
• -14.3122132.42315 Nacionalni park Nitmiluk - uključuje nevjerojatnu klisuru Katherine, u blizini grada Katherine
• -36.5148.3316 Snježne planine - gotovo u potpunosti zaštićen u nacionalnim parkovima i dom brojnih skijališta
• -25.322076130.98573217 Nacionalni park Uluru-Kata Tjuta - Uluru (poznat i kao Ayers Rock) i Kata Tjuta (Olge) su kultne formacije stijena u "Crvenom centru" usred australske pustinje
• -24.2517131.63218 Nacionalni park Watarrka - najpoznatiji po Kings Canyonu, moćnoj provaliji koja doseže dubinu od 270 metara

Shvati

"Mi smo jedno, ali nas je mnogo i iz svih zemalja Zemlje dolazimo. Dijelit ćemo san i pjevati u jedan glas: ja sam, vi ste, mi smo Australci." - Tragači - Ja sam Australac

Šesta po veličini država na svijetu, Australija ima relativno malu (ali rastuću) populaciju od 25 milijuna. Članica G20, ima visok životni standard i kvalitetu života. Značajan je igrač u ekonomskoj i političkoj sferi pacifičke regije.

Geografija

Crveni klokani na sjevernom teritoriju

Australsko kopno je i najmanji kontinent na svijetu i najveći otok na svijetu; čineći većinu Oceanijapodručje kopna.

Australska država uključuje australsko kopno i neke manje otoke (kao što je Tasmanija). Šesta je zemlja po veličini na svijetu, s površinom od 7.682.300 km² (2.966.152 kvadratnih milja). Veličine je usporediv sa 48 susjednih Ujedinjene države iako ima manje od jedne desetine stanovništva, a udaljenost između gradova i mjesta lako je podcijeniti. Australija na zapadu graniči s Indijskim oceanom, na jugu s Južnim oceanom, a na istoku s Tihim oceanom. Tasmansko more leži na jugoistoku, odvajajući ga od Novi Zeland, dok Koraljno more leži na sjeveroistoku. Papua Nova Gvineja, Istočni Timor i Indonezija sjeverni su susjedi Australije, svi mnogo bliži od Novog Zelanda, a od Australije ih odvajaju Arafura i Timorsko more.

Australija je visoko urbanizirana, većina stanovništva je jako koncentrirana duž istočne i jugoistočne obale. Većina kopnenih područja zemlje je polusušna. Najmnogoljudnije države su Novi Južni Wales, Victoria i Queensland, ali najveći po površini je zapadna Australija.

Veliki dijelovi Australije iskrčeni su šumom kako bi se stvorilo mjesta za poljoprivredu, ali mnoga autohtona šumska područja opstaju u opsežnim nacionalnim parkovima i drugim nerazvijenim područjima. Dugoročni ekološki problemi u Australiji uključuju upravljanje vodama, slanost, zagađenje, prijetnje biološkoj raznolikosti invazivnim vrstama i očuvanje obalnih područja, posebno Velikog koralnog grebena.

Klima

Kao veliki kontinent, Australija ima široku paletu podneblja. Većina zemlje godišnje primi više od 3.000 sunčanih sati. Općenito, sjever je vruć i tropski, dok jug teži subtropskom i umjerenom. Najviše padalina ima oko obale, a veći dio centra je bezvodno i polusušni. Dnevne maksimalne temperature u tropskom gradu Darwine rijetko padaju ispod 30 ° C (86 ° F) čak i zimi, dok se noćne temperature zimi obično kreću oko 15-20 ° C (59-68 ° F). Australske zime obično su blaže od onih na sličnim geografskim širinama na sjevernoj hemisferi, a snijeg nikad ne pada u većini dijelova zemlje. Temperature u područjima velike nadmorske visine u nekim južnim regijama mogu pasti ispod nule zimi (a ponekad čak i ljeti), a Snježne planine na jugoistoku doživljavaju metre zimskog snijega. Dijelovi Tasmanija imaju temperaturni raspon sličniji sjevernom Kalifornija i nije nečuveno da snijeg padne u nekim planinskim predjelima države.

Kako je Australija na južnoj hemisferi zima je od lipnja do kolovoza, dok je od prosinca do veljače ljeto. Zima je sušna sezona u tropskim krajevima, a ljeto vlažna. U južnim dijelovima zemlje sezonske su promjene temperature veće. Kiša je ravnomjernije raspoređena tijekom cijele godine u južnim dijelovima Istočne obale, dok je u ostatku juga izvan Veliki razdjelni domet, ljeta su suha, glavnina kiša pada zimi.

Povijest

Vidi također: Autohtono nasljeđe u Australiji, britansko carstvo, Australska mjesta za osuđenike

Aboridžini žive u Australiji najmanje 65 000 godina. Stizali su uzastopnim valovima s Juga i Jugoistoka Azija. S porastom razine mora nakon posljednjeg ledenog doba, Australija se u velikoj mjeri izolirala od ostatka svijeta, a plemena Aboridžina razvili su razne kulture, temeljene na bliskom duhovnom odnosu sa zemljom i prirodom, i proširenom srodstvu. Tisućama su godina australski Aboridžini održavali kulturu lovaca ili sakupljača ili (u nekim područjima) polu-sjedilačku kulturu, u suradnji sa složenim umjetničkim i kulturnim životom, uključujući vrlo bogatu tradiciju priče i pjesme.

Suvremeni dojam australskih Aboridžina uglavnom se temelji na slici "pustinjskog naroda" koji se prilagodio nekim od najtežih uvjeta na planetu (ekvivalentno grmlju Kalaharija), ali mnogi su drugi živjeli u šumama i dobro zalijevane regije. Australija je osiguravala udoban život glavnini Aboridžina među bogatom florom i faunom na australskoj obali - sve do dolaska Europljana.

Iako unosan kineski tržište školjki i bêche de mer (morski krastavac) poticao je indonezijske ribare da posjete Sjevernu Australiju stoljećima, a Europljani su bili nepoznati sve do 1600-ih, kada Nizozemski trgovci iz Azije počeli su se "udarati" na sjeverozapadnu obalu. Rani nizozemski dojmovi o ovoj izuzetno surovoj, suhoj zemlji bili su nepovoljni, a Australija je za njih ostala pomalo marker koji pokazuje prema sjeveru prema mnogo bogatijoj (i unosnijoj) Istočnoj Indiji (moderna Indonezija). Namjerno istraživanje australske obale tada su uglavnom preuzeli Francuzi i Britanci. Prema tome, nazivi mjesta zaljeva, rtova i rijeka oko obale odražavaju niz nizozemskih, francuskih, britanskih i aboridžinskih jezika.

1770. godine ekspedicija Endeavora pod zapovjedništvom Kapetan James Cook plovio i zacrtao istočnu obalu Australije, čineći prvo slijetanje na Botany Bay 29. travnja 1770. Cook je nastavio prema sjeveru, a prije odlaska stavio se na obalu na Otok posjeda u tjesnacu Torres kod rta York 22. kolovoza 1770. Ovdje je formalno tvrdio da je istočna obala koju je otkrio za Britansku krunu nazvao je Novi Južni Wales. S obzirom na to da bi Cookova otkrića dovela do prvog europskog naseljavanja u Australiji, on je često popularno zamišljen kao njegov europski otkrivač, iako mu je prethodilo više od 160 godina.

Dio bivšeg Port Arthur naselje osuđenika na Tasmaniji. Ostaci naselja čine dio 'Australska mjesta za osuđenike'unos na Popis svjetske baštine UNESCO-a.

Nakon razdoblja istraživanja, prvo britansko naselje u Australiji osnovano je 1788. godine na današnji dan Sydney, koju je vodio kapetan Arthur Philip koji je postao prvi guverner kolonije Novi Južni Wales. Proces kolonizacije doveo je do sukoba s autohtonim Australcima, kao i bolesti na koje oni nisu imali imunitet. Njihovo se stanovništvo smanjivalo u velikom dijelu (iako ne u cijelom) kopnu, a britanski su ih doseljenici raselili. Izvorno obuhvaćajući istočne dvije trećine kontinenta, kolonija Novi Južni Wales kasnije je podijeljena u nekoliko zasebnih kolonija. Tasmanija (tada poznata kao Van Diemenova zemlja) postala je posebna kolonija 1825. godine, nakon čega je uslijedila Južna Australija 1836, Novi Zeland 1841. godine, Victoria 1851. i Queensland 1859. Zapadnu trećinu kontinenta Europljani nisu naselili dok Britanci nisu uspostavili mornaričku bazu u Albany, tada poznat pod nazivom King George Sound 1826. godine. Kolonija Swan River formalno je osnovana 1829. godine danas Perth. Kolonija rijeke Swan preimenovana je u "zapadna Australija"1832. godine.

Dok je Australija započela svoju modernu povijest kao britanska kaznena kolonija, većina ljudi koji su u Australiju došli nakon 1788. bili su slobodni doseljenici, uglavnom iz Britanije i Irska, a u manjoj mjeri i druge europske zemlje poput Francuske i današnje Njemačke. Kaznena naselja bila su uglavnom duž istočne obale, s razbacanim džepovima osuđeničkih naselja u zapadnoj Australiji. S druge strane, državu Južnu Australiju u potpunosti su naselili slobodni doseljenici. Mnogi azijski i istočnoeuropski ljudi također su došli u Australiju 1850-ih, tijekom Zlatne groznice koja je započela prvi australski procvat resursa. Iako se tako raznolika imigracija uvelike smanjila tijekom ksenofobičnih godina politike Bijele Australije, iz poslijeratnog razdoblja Australija je pozdravila uzastopni niz imigracija iz kontinentalne Europe, Sredozemlja, kasnije Azije i ostatka svijeta, postajući vrlo raznoliko i multikulturalno društvo do kraja 20. stoljeća.

Sustav odvojenih kolonija udružio se da bi 1901. godine stvorio samoupravnu britansku dominaciju u Australiji, svaka kolonija sada postaje država Australija, a Novi Zeland isključuje se iz federacije. Nova je zemlja iskoristila svoje prirodne resurse za brzi razvoj poljoprivredne i prerađivačke industrije i dala značajan doprinos (uzimajući u obzir malobrojno stanovništvo) savezničkim ratnim naporima u prvi svjetski rat i Svjetskog rata u Europi kao dio snaga Britanskog Commonwealtha. Australija je izravno napadnuta u Pacifički rat. Australijske trupe također su dale vrijedan, iako ponekad kontroverzan doprinos Korejski rat, Vijetnamski rat, i Irak Rat. Australski kopači zadržavaju reputaciju neke od najtežih trupa zajedno s velikim društvenim duhom.

Australija i Britanija donijele su Australski zakon 1986. godine, čime je okončana bilo kakva preostala moć koju je britanski parlament možda morao donijeti za Australiju. Britanska kraljica ostaje na mjestu šefa države s (australskim) imenovanim generalnim guvernerom kao svojim predstavnikom u Australiji.

Tijekom druge polovice 20. stoljeća zabilježen je rast aboridžinskog aktivizma, popraćen većom spremnošću opće zajednice da prizna i autohtono kulturno nasljeđe (posebno u vizualnim umjetnostima) i tamniju stranu kolonijalne povijesti. Značajna područja zemlje vraćena su u autohtono vlasništvo kao rezultat pokreta za prava zemljišta. 2008. godine tadašnji premijer Kevin Rudd službeno se ispričao Aboridžinima u Parlamentu zbog zločina koje je nad njima počinila bijela većina. Aboridžinska ceremonija također je ugrađena u otvorenje parlamenta u Australiji od 2008. godine kao omaž njenoj autohtonoj baštini.

Ekonomija

Australija ima prosperitetnu kapitalističku ekonomiju zapadnog stila, s BDP-om po stanovniku, paralelnim s ostalim naprednim gospodarstvima.

Uslužne djelatnosti, uključujući turizam, obrazovanje i financijske usluge, čine nešto više od polovice australskog bruto domaćeg proizvoda - oko 60%. Unutar uslužnog sektora, turizam je jedna od najvažnijih grana u Australiji, jer osigurava zapošljavanje, svake godine doprinosi gospodarstvu 73 milijarde dolara i čini najmanje 11% ukupnog izvoza.

Primarna industrija - rudarstvo i poljoprivreda - činila je većinu australskog izvoza u 20. i 21. stoljeću. Željezna ruda i ugljen daleko su najveći izvoz, zajedno s pšenicom, govedinom i vunom. Rudarski sektor osjetljiv je na globalnu potražnju za željeznom rudom, a događaji u kineskom i indijskom gospodarstvu imaju izravan utjecaj.

Australija ima sveobuhvatan sustav socijalnog osiguranja i minimalnu plaću veću od Sjedinjenih Država ili Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Zbog nedostatka zaliha, fizički radnici i trgovci u Australiji su dobro plaćeni, često više nego profesionalci.

Politika

Kuća parlamenta u Canberri

Australija ima savezni sustav vlasti, sa šest državnih i dvije teritorijalne vlade, kao i nacionalnu vladu. Također ima nekoliko prekomorskih teritorija u Indijskom i Tihom oceanu, kojima se daje znatna autonomija, a često nisu u potpunosti integrirani s ostatkom Australije. Zakoni se malo razlikuju od države do države, ali su uglavnom prilično jednoliki.

Nacionalni parlament temelji se na britanskom Westminsterskom sustavu, s tim da su neki elementi izvučeni iz američkog kongresnog sustava. Na saveznoj se razini sastoji od Senata i Zastupničkog doma. Svaki zastupnik u Zastupničkom domu (u kolokviju poznat kao saborski zastupnik) predstavlja izbornu podjelu, s većim brojem država koje imaju više izbornih odjela, a time i više zastupnika. S druge strane, slično američkom senatu, svaka australska država ima jednak broj senatora, s tim što narod u svakoj državi izravno bira 12 senatora, a po dva senatora sa sjevernog teritorija i australijskog glavnog grada. Premijer je na čelu nacionalne vlade i čelnik je političke stranke (ili koalicije stranaka) koja ima najviše članova u Zastupničkom domu.

Ujedinjena Kraljevina kraljica Elizabeta II ujedno je i australska kraljica i poglavarica države, a u Australiji je predstavlja generalni guverner. Uloge kraljice i generalnog guvernera uglavnom su ceremonijalne, a premijer ima najviše autoriteta u vladi. Referendum o promjeni Australije u republiku poražen je 1999. (ideja da kraljicu zamijeni političkim imenovanim nije se svidjela većini Australaca). Republikanizam u Australiji i dalje je redovita točka razgovora, iako nisko na popisu stvarnih prioriteta.

Australijski kabinet služi kao izvršna vlast, a na njegovom je čelu premijer, koji svoje ministre u vladi imenuje između članova oba doma parlamenta. Na vrhu pravosudne vlasti nalazi se Visoki sud Australije, koji je 1986. zamijenio Privy Council UK-a kao najviši žalbeni sud.

Državne i teritorijalne vlade organizirane su slično nacionalnoj vladi s državnim parlamentom koji služi kao zakonodavno tijelo, premijerom (glavnim ministrom na teritorijima) koji je na čelu državne vlade i vlastitim pravosuđem. Također postoji guverner za svaku državu koji služi kao kraljičin predstavnik u uglavnom ceremonijalnoj ulozi.

Dvije glavne političke stranke u Australiji su Australska laburistička stranka (ALP ili samo "laburisti") i Liberalna stranka, koja djeluje u koaliciji s Nacionalnom strankom (koja se naziva "Koalicija"). Postoje manje stranke poput Zelenih i neovisnih. Liberalna stranka je konzervativna stranka desnog centra, a izraz "liberalna" odnosi se na slobodno tržišno gospodarstvo. Laburistička stranka je lijevi centar.

Kultura

Australija ima multikulturalno stanovništvo koje prakticira gotovo svaku religiju i način života. Preko jedne četvrtine Australaca rođeno je izvan Australije, a druga četvrtina ima barem jednog roditelja rođenog u inozemstvu. Gotovo svaki veći australski grad odražava imigraciju iz Europe, Azije, Bliskog istoka i Tihog okeana koja se dogodila nakon Drugog svjetskog rata i nastavila u 1970-ima. U pola stoljeća nakon rata australsko je stanovništvo naraslo s otprilike 7 na nešto više od 20 milijuna ljudi. Gradovi Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane i Perth kulturno su vrlo raznoliki i u njima žive zajednice podrijetlom iz svih krajeva svijeta.

U svim većim gradovima naći ćete raznoliku kvalitetu svjetske hrane dostupne u mnogim restoranima. Melbourne se posebno promovira kao centar za umjetnost, dok se Brisbane promovira kroz razna, multikulturna urbana sela. Adelaida je poznata po tome što je središte festivala i njemačkih kulturnih utjecaja, dok je Perth poznat po kulturi hrane i vina, biserima, draguljima i plemenitim metalima te međunarodnom festivalu rubnih umjetnosti. Manja seoska naselja uglavnom još uvijek odražavaju većinsku anglo-keltsku kulturu, često s malo aboridžinskog stanovništva. Većina ruralnih centara još uvijek rado prima posjetitelje i općenito ima povijest i lokalne proizvode koje treba podijeliti.

China Town u Melbourneu

Otprilike je pola milijuna Australaca koji se identificiraju kao Aboridžini koji žive širom zemlje u gradovima i ruralnim aboridžinskim zajednicama. Iako novom posjetitelju nisu posebno očiti, postoje brojne mogućnosti i kulturne aktivnosti za ljude koji žele istražiti aboridžinsku kulturu.

Suprotno popularnoj mitologiji, potomci izvorne flote britanskih osuđenika manjina su, pa čak i tijekom godina prijevoza slobodni doseljenici premašili su broj osuđenih migranata za najmanje pet do jednog. Unatoč tome, to se vidi kao počasna značka za nekoga tko je "australski Royalty" jer je potekao od osuđenika, koliko god ta veza bila slaba.

Australci mogu biti socijalno konzervativniji od nekih europskih kultura, ali imaju tendenciju biti opušteni u svojim vjerskim običajima. Načini obraćanja su neobavezni i poznati, a većina Australaca obično će vam se obraćati imenom i prezimenom od prvog kontakta i očekivat će da i vi njima činite isto.

Praznici

Vatromet nad Perthom u povodu Dana Australije

Nacionalni praznici u Australiji su:

• 1. siječnja: Nova godina
• 26. siječnja: Dan Australije, obilježavanje godišnjice iskrcavanja Prve flote u uvalu Sydney 1788.
• Uskršnji vikend ("Veliki petak", "Uskrsna subota", "Uskrsna nedjelja" i "Uskrsni ponedjeljak"): četverodnevni vikend u ožujku ili travnju postavljen prema zapadnokršćanskim datumima. Mnogi Australci putuju na uskrsni vikend, pa očekujte da će se hotelske sobe i avionske karte rasprodati mjesecima unaprijed.
• 25. travnja: Dan ANZAC-a (australijski i novozelandski vojni korpus), u počast vojnim veteranima
• Drugi ponedjeljak u lipnju: Kraljičin rođendan (slavi se u zapadnoj Australiji u rujnu, uz promatranje WA Dan zaklade tjedan dana ranije)
• 25. prosinca: Božić
• 26. prosinca: Dan za boks

Mnoge države promatraju Praznik rada, ali u različite dane. Većina država ima jedan ili dva dodatna praznika u državi, s Victoria i Južna Australija imati slobodan dan za konjsku utrku (Melbourne Cup i Adelaide Cup). Zapadna Australija ima Dan zaklade tipično prvi ponedjeljak u lipnju (priznanje osnivanja države od 1829. godine), ali također slavi kraljičin rođendan različito od datuma ostatka zemlje, bilo krajem rujna ili početkom listopada, zbog uobičajeni datum u lipnju tako je blizu Dana zaklade.

Kad državni praznik padne na subotu ili nedjelju, sljedeći se ponedjeljak (i ​​utorak ako je potrebno) obično proglase praznicima umjesto njih, iako će se proslave i zatvaranje maloprodaje dogoditi na sam dan. Većina turističkih atrakcija zatvoreni su Božić i Veliki petak. Supermarketi i druge trgovine mogu se otvoriti ograničeno radno vrijeme na neke državne praznike i na praznike umjesto njih, ali su gotovo uvijek zatvoreni na Božić (25. prosinca), Veliki petak, Uskrsnu nedjelju i ANZAC-ovo jutro.

Osim službenih praznika, postoje i dani od nacionalnog ili regionalnog kulturnog značaja koji bi mogli biti i praznici kao što su:

• Veliko finale AFL-a: Prvenstvena utakmica australske nogometne lige i najgledaniji događaj višegodišnje u australskom sportskom kalendaru. Očekuje da će svi pubovi biti prepuni ljudi koji gledaju utakmicu, dok će mnogi ljudi održavati velike zabave u svojim domovima. Održava se posljednje subote u rujnu ili prve subote u listopadu.
• Veliko finale NRL: Prvenstvena utakmica Nacionalne ragbi lige. Posebno popularan u Queenslandu i Novom Južnom Walesu. Obično se održava posljednje nedjelje u rujnu ili prve nedjelje u listopadu.

Vrhunac praznika

Većina atrakcija u Australiji ostaje otvorena tijekom cijele godine, a neke rade smanjenom frekvencijom ili kraćim radnim vremenom tijekom izvan sezone. Mnoge atrakcije (ali ne sve) zatvorene su na Božić i Novu godinu.

Ljetni školski praznici započinju prije Božića i traju cijeli siječanj, a smatra se najprometnijim i najskupljim vremenom za posjet. Kuće za odmor na plažama često se rezerviraju mjesecima unaprijed, kao i naplata značajne premije. Dugačko Uskršnji vikend također mogu biti zauzeti jer roditelji zadnji put vode djecu prije dolaska zime.

Australski tinejdžeri slave kraj škole krajem studenoga i početkom prosinca kroz 3 tjedna poznata kao škole. Opseg tinejdžera za zabavu može u potpunosti promijeniti prirodu nekih gradova i mjesta koja su odlučili posjetiti, posebno primorskih gradova poput Byron Bay u Novom Južnom Walesu, Zlatna obala u Queenslandu i raznim lokalitetima duž Morningtonski poluotok u Viktoriji.

Vrijeme

Australija može imati do pet različitih vremenskih zona tijekom ljetnog računanja vremena, a četiri u ostala vremena. Granice vremenske zone ne slijede uvijek državne granice. Primjerice, grad Slomljeno brdo, iako u Novom Južnom Walesu, slijedi vrijeme Južne Australije, a Otok Norfolk ima svoju vremensku zonu unatoč tome što je dio Novog Južnog Walesa.

Vremenske zone u Australiji od GMT

Na istoku Tasmanija, Novi Južni Wales i Victoria uvijek imaju isto vrijeme. Queensland ne poštuje ljetno računanje vremena, tako da je u tom razdoblju zaostajao sat vremena za ostalim istočnim državama.

U središtu Broken Hill (NSW), Južna Australija i Sjeverni teritorij tijekom zime kasne pola sata, ali sjeverni teritorij ne primjećuje ljetno računanje vremena dok južna Australija i Broken Hill to čine. Tijekom ljetnog računanja vremena Južna Australija ostaje pola sata iza Novog Južnog Walesa, Viktorije i Tasmanije, ali se kreće pola sata ispred Queenslanda. Sjeverni teritorij ostaje pola sata iza Queenslanda, ali se kreće sat i pol iza Novog Južnog Walesa, Viktorije i Tasmanije.

Na zapadu, Zapadna Australija zimi zaostaje dva sata za istočnim državama, a također ne primjećuje ljetno računanje vremena. Kreće se tri sata iza istočnih država koje poštuju ljetno računanje vremena (preostala dva sata iza Queenslanda).

Ne postoje službene kratice ili nazivi za australske vremenske zone, a možda ćete primijeniti nekoliko varijacija. Ponekad se koriste EST, CST, WST zajedno s EDT, CDT. Ponekad AEST, itd., S prefiksom 'A' koji ih razlikuje od sjevernoameričkih vremenskih zona s istim imenima.

U onim državama koje poštuju ljetno računanje vremena, ono započinje prve nedjelje u listopadu i završava prve nedjelje u travnju.

Vlast

Standard mrežnog napona je 230 V s utikačem tipa I (kutni naponski / neutralni pinovi s ravnim uzemljenjem). U narodu se naziva "utičnica od dvadeset četrdeset volti". Hotelske kupaonice često će imati utičnicu tipa C i A s oznakom "samo za aparate za brijanje" koja će se pretvoriti na 110 V za utičnicu za brijanje u sjevernoameričkom stilu. Napon je kompatibilan s Europom i trebat će vam samo utikač za pretvorbu koji možete dobiti u supermarketima i trgovinama (kao i u zračnoj luci). Iz Sjeverne Amerike ili drugih zemalja od 110 V provjerite dopušteno odstupanje napona u uređaju prije upotrebe utikača za pretvorbu.

Vidi također

Razgovor

Vidi također: Sorte engleskog jezika

The Engleski jezik se u Australiji univerzalno govori i razumije. Općenito govoreći australski engleski jezik prepoznatljiv je po naglasku i idiomu. Najviše se razvio iz govora Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva krajem 18. i početkom 19. stoljeća.

Ipak, budući da je Australija globalna otopina, posebno u većim gradovima, susretat ćete kulture i čuti jezike iz cijelog svijeta, a često ćete naći područja i predgrađa koja pretežno odražavaju jezik njihovih imigrantskih zajednica. Strani jezici se uče u školi, ali učenici rijetko napreduju iznad osnova.

Australski engleski općenito slijedi britanske pravopisne konvencije i odabir rječnika, iako je također poznat po svojoj boji i kolokvijalnostima. Ljudi u ruralnim područjima mogu imati širi naglasak, koristeći neke žargonske riječi koje su postale zastarjele u metropolitanskim područjima, dok visokoobrazovani urbani stanovnici ponekad koriste kultivirani naglasak sličan britanskim ekvivalentima. Australski sleng ne bi trebao predstavljati problem turistima, osim možda u nekim izoliranim predjelima. Australci razumiju različite vrste engleskog jezika, a vi možete izgledati glupo u pokušajima lokalnog slenga.

Malo je regionalnih varijacija u australskom engleskom jeziku, iako su naglasci obično širi izvan velikih gradova, a izgovor određenih riječi poput "ples" i "šansa" razlikuje se između regija. Većina regionalnih razlika svodi se na upotrebu riječi. Na primjer, odjeća za plivanje poznata je kao kosi ili plivači u Novom Južnom Walesu, togs u Queenslandu i kupači u Viktoriji, Tasmaniji, zapadnoj Australiji i južnoj Australiji. Mnoge autohtone zajednice širom Australije i Otoci Torres tjesnaca speak English as a second language.

It is rare to find signs in a second language, except in urban areas with a high population of Asian immigrants and students, where signs and restaurant menus in vijetnamski i kineski are a common sight; and also around Cairns i Zlatna obala in Queensland where some signs (but not road signs) are written in japanski ili kineski, due to the large number of tourists. Some warning signs at beaches are written in several foreign languages.

Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. Some tour companies specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with language guides.

Fewer than 150 Aboridžina languages are still in daily use, spoken by as little as 42,300 people, particularly those living in rural outback communities, and those in the Torres Strait Islands. There are initiatives to revive the languages within Australia's large Aboriginal community, however given the significant differences between the languages (many can't be proven to relate to one another) that continues to prove a challenge. Learning an Aboriginal language will be useful only in specific local areas. Almost all Aboriginal people speak English as well, although residents of some remote communities may not be fluent in the language.

The standard sign language is Auslan (standing for Australian Sign Language). When a sign interpreter is present for a public event, he or she will use Auslan. Users of British and New Zealand Sign Languages will be able to understand much, though not all, of the language. Auslan and NZSL are largely derived from BSL, and all three languages use the same two-handed manual alphabet. Users of sign languages that have different origins (such as the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages) will not be able to understand Auslan.

Uđi

Visa policy of Australia

Uvjeti za prijavu

All visitors - apart from citizens of New Zealand - require a Visa in advance of travel.

If you are visiting for a holiday of less than 90 days, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality.

• Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) subclass 601 is available on-line to nationals of Brunej, Kanada, Hong Kong (SAR or BN(O)), Japan, Malezija, Singapur, Južna Korea (ROK) and the Ujedinjene države. In addition, citizens of Tajvan are also eligible for an ETA, but must apply through an approved Taiwanese travel agent, or by e-mail through the relevant Australian diplomatic mission if living abroad. A service fee of $20 applies. This fee can sometimes be avoided if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent when booking your travel with them. Some online agents may also sell ETAs.
• eVisitor (subclass 651) for citizens of the Europska unija, Norveška, Island, Švicarska, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (British Citizens only, other types of British nationality not eligible) and a few Europske mikro države. These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply on-line.
• Visitor Visa (subclass 600). Passport holders of 55 countries, including all the ETA and eVisitor eligible countries and Argentina, Bahrein, Brazil, Čile, Kuvajt, Maldivi, Oman, Katar, Saudijska Arabija i UAE can make applications online. Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre.

Like the ETA and eVisitor, a Visitor 600 is by default issued for a three month stay. Unlike the other options however, a 600 visa limenka be issued for a longer stay of up to one year. For more than a three month stay, you will likely be asked for supporting documentation about the reason for your visit and your ties to your country of origin and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the embassy or visa processing centre may also require you to have an Australian sponsor before issuing the visa. The fee is $140. ETAs and eVisitors are valid for multiple entries within a 12-month period. If you're eligible for either, it may be easier to stay the three months you're allowed, go to Novi Zeland, Singapur, Tajland or some other country reachable by a low cost airline for a few days and come back - restarting the 90-day clock. Doing this more than once, however, may cause immigration authorities to become suspicious, so proceed with caution if you pursue this route.

There is a special arrangement for parents of Australians, including Australian permanent residents. The 600 visa can be valid for 18 months, three years, or five years and allow a maximum stay of 12 months during an 18-month period, depending on the circumstances.

In most cases, ETAs and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. If further enquiries are needed you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you've been approved. Over 90% are processed the same day. In the worst-case scenario your application can be diverted for manual checks that can take months. if you have a complex national history, or any criminal record (including minor offences) you should allow plenty of time for the application.

If you are visiting Australia to work, study or for medical treatment, check to make sure you have the right kind of visa, as a tourist visa may not be sufficient. Breaching the conditions or planning to breach the conditions of your visa will result in visa cancellation, deportation, and/or a period of exclusion.

For all tourist visa classes you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal conviction, contact an Australian Embassy or visa processing centre before applying or making travel arrangements.

New Zealand citizens may travel to Australia without a pre-arranged visa. They may apply for a Special Category New Zealand Citizen visa (subclass 444) when they arrive and it will be granted on the spot if they have no criminal conviction or tuberculosis. This visa allows them to live, work and study in Australia for as long as they like. New Zealand citizens with criminal convictions or tuberculosis may be denied this visa and should seek advice from an Australian diplomatic mission before travel. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are ne eligible for this visa and should apply for a visa based on the passport they hold.

If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the Europska unija, Andora, Argentina, Brunej, Kanada, Cipar, Federativne Države Mikronezije, Fidži, Island, Indonezija, Japan, Kiribati, Lihtenštajn, Malezija, Meksiko, Monako, Nauru, Norveška, Palau, Papua Nova Gvineja, Filipini, Južna Afrika, Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, San Marino, Singapur, Slovačka, Slovenija, Salomonovi Otoci, Južna Korea (ROK), Švicarska, Tajvan, Tajland, Laka dvokolica, Tuvalu, Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (regardless of nationality status), the Ujedinjene države, Vanuatu ili Grad Vatikan, you do ne need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia mora apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) before travel.

At selected airports, visitors who are citizens of Kanada, Irska, Novi Zeland, Singapur, Švicarska, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i Ujedinjene države may make use of the SmartGate for automated immigration clearance when entering Australia. Being able to use SmartGate does not exempt you from visa requirements.

Customs and quarantine

Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and plant derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc.) You must declare all such material, even if the items are permitted. Baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined $220 on-the-spot if you accidentally fail to declare, or even prosecuted in serious cases. Declared material will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be retained, disposed of, returned to you, or treated by quarantine at your expense. (You may have to pick the item up at a later time.) Processed and sealed chocolates and other confectionery are usually permitted after being declared and examined, as are reasonable quantities of infant formula with an accompanying infant. Different rules apply depending on the origin country of foods, and the state in which you are entering Australia. Check with the Odjel za poljoprivredu i vodne resurse za više detalja.

Travellers who are 18 years old or older are allowed to bring up to 2.25 litres of alcoholic beverages and up to 25 cigarettes or 25 grams of other tobacco products (including cigars) into Australia duty-free. These items may not be imported by anybody under the age of 18, and travellers who exceed their duty free allowance are liable to tax on all goods of that category, not just the amount in excess of the limit.

Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species.

While there are no restrictions on the amount of novac that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are travelling with $10,000 or more (AUD or its equivalent in foreign currency) and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. Not declaring may expose you to a fine, possible seizure of the cash, or in the worst case even arrest.

Avionom

Qantas landing at Sydney Airport

Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air.

Australia's major points of entry, in decreasing order of importance, are the airports in Sydney (SYD ^IATA), Melbourne (MEL ^IATA), Brisbane (BNE ^IATA) i Perth (PO ^IATA). There are also limited international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin and the Gold Coast.

Sydney is a 3-hour flight from Auckland, New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from many countries in Asia, a 14-hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14-hour flight from Johannesburg, a 13-16 hour flight from Južna Amerika, and up to a 24-hour flight from western Europa (including a stopover). On account of long journey times from some destinations, most travellers from Europe must have a stop-over, commonly in Singapur, Hong Kong, Dubai, Doha, Bangkok ili Kuala Lumpur. Since March 2018, Qantas operates a nonstop flight from London Heathrow to Perth taking "only" 17 hours — the first ever regular nonstop route between Europe and Australia, and plans to start a flight from Brisbane to Chicago in April 2020. Qantas also has plans to introduce more ambitious non-stop routes from Sydney to London and New York later.

If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have separate domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit: check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast all have gates in the jedan terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other.

Australia's national carrier is Qantas, which together with its low-cost subsidiary Jetstar operate many flights into Australia from all 6 inhabited continents of the world. Virgin Australia flies several routes from North America, south-east Asia and the Pacific islands into Australia. For those coming from Europe, Singapore Airlines and Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific make good alternatives to Qantas, British Airways or the Gulf airlines for flights into Australia. Some routes into Australia are operated by discount airlines such as AirAsia X, AirAsia Indonesia, Scoot and Jetstar Airways.

Privatno zrakoplovstvo

Private aviation companies such as Australia Jet Charter i JetCorpAustralia offer direct private flights year-round using a variety of aircraft. Popular airports for charter jets include Sydney Bankstown Airport, Gold Coast Airport, and Melbourne Essendon Airport.

Brodom

Cruise ships are available mostly in the November to February cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific.

You may sail to Australia in your own yacht, just make sure you submit the right paperwork to Border Force, and arrive at an approved port of entry.

There are no international ferry services operating.

By overland transport

There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from South East Asia to North Western Australia while the bus went by barge. The only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, and India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus & Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, & South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia.

For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight kilometres). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air.

Travel to Darwin by cargo ship/ barge by ANL and Swire (the only two routine cargo haulers between Dili and Darwin) is not permitted (June 2016). For determined travellers, you may be able to obtain passage from Singapore by freighter vessel, organized through a travel agent.

Zaobiđi se

Australia is huge but sparsely populated over much of its area, and you can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilisation, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe.

Almost all modern Australian maps, including street directories, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) as their grid reference, which is for all purposes identical to the WGS84 used by the GPS. You can locate most things on an Australian map or street directory if you just have the "GPS coordinates".

Karantena

There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states and even between regions of states that are involved in fruit growing. If you are driving long distances or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruits and vegetables.

Automobilom

Vidi također: Vožnja u Australiji

Velika oceanska cesta

Part of the Stuart Highway in Central Australia

Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. All the mainland state capitals are linked to each other by sealed highways. Some parts are dual carriageway but many sections are one lane each way with occasional overtaking lanes around every 5-20 km depending on the state. Roads linking minor centres (or what can look like short-cuts on the map) can be narrow or gravel roads.

Major hazards on Australian roads are wildlife and large trucks. Be sure to take extra care when driving at dusk or in the dark, as the risk of animal collisions increases significantly. Major regional areas have sealed (paved) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While public transport is usable in the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, a car is handy, sometimes even essential, to get around anywhere else.

Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic.

Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state.

Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres.

The maximum speed limit on most rural Australian roads is 100 km/h. Sometimes this is increased to 110 km/h especially in WA, NT and NSW. Average speed is seldom above 80 km/h due to the poor road conditions and limited overtaking opportunities. On some national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60 km/h can be a challenge.

While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving sealed (paved) roads in inland Australia should take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, and carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less.

Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of national highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency.

Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill you. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; even local people die out there when their car breaks down and they are not reported missing. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call in quickly to the local police station, to avoid the embarrassment and cost of a search being started for you.

Najam automobila

Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One-way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets.

Smaller cars you can hire can be manual (stick-shift), whereas anything larger will mostly be automatic.

If you do not hold an Australian driving licence, some rental vehicle companies will require you to take a free driver knowledge test, aimed at tourists, that covers the basic road rules, or will take you on a short drive to assess whether you are competent behind the wheel.

Campervans

A campervan is a vehicle, usually a minivan, converted into a motorhome (recreational vehicle), most often catering to the vast number of young European and American backpackers traversing the country. The East Coast from Sydney to Cairns is especially abundant with happy, hungover youths travelling around in these vehicles. Vožnja u Australiji has more information on renting or buying a campervan.

By taxi

Larger towns and cities have taxi services. Uber, DiDi and Ola are available in major cities. There are several smartphone taxi booking applications such as myDriver, GoCatch that make finding a licensed taxi simple.

Outside of cities, towns may have a limited taxi service. Maybe one or two drivers who may be part time. Smaller or remote towns may have no service at all.

When travelling alone, it is customary for a passenger to sit in the front passenger seat, next to the driver, rather than in the back. However, if you prefer to sit in the back then it isn't really a problem.

• Uber
• Didi
• Ola Cabs
• HOP

Avionom

Qantas and Jetstar aircraft at Melbourne Airport

Due to the large distances involved, flying is a well-patronised form of travel in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15 minutes during the day.

The best fares are almost always available on the most competitive routes, whereas routes to remote destinations with fewer flights tend to be more expensive. Qantas actually do often offer competitive prices, so don't ignore that option just because they are the national carrier. There are only a handful of main airlines in Australia, so it won't take long to compare their prices on domestic routes:

• Qantas, the full-service national carrier, flying to major cities and some larger regional towns;
• Virgin Australia, a nationwide full-service airline, flying to major cities and a few larger regional towns;
• Jetstar, Qantas's discount arm with limited service and assigned seating.

Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect discounts on these airlines to be harder to come by, and for standard airfares to be above what you would pay for the same distance between major centres.

• Qantaslink, the regional arm of Qantas, covering the smaller cities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia;
• Regional Express, covering larger towns & cities on the eastern seaboard and in country South Australia;
• Skywest, covering regional Western Australia, Bali and Darwin;
• Airnorth, covering the Northern Territory;
• Skytrans Airlines, covering regional Queensland.
• Sharp Airlines, covering several regional towns in Victoria and South Australia.

Charters

Vidi također: Opće zrakoplovstvo

Scheduled aviation only flies to a handful of the thousands of airports around Australia. There are numerous options to charter aircraft that may take you direct to smaller country towns or even offshore islands. The costs can be comparable to scheduled airlines if there are 3 or more people flying in a group. The Australian Private Pilots Licence permits private pilots to carry passengers and to recover the cost of the plane hire and fuel from passengers, but not to advertise for passengers or fly commercially. That said, if you check the web pages of local flying clubs, there are always private pilots willing to fly on a fine weekend if someone is willing to put in for the cost of the plane and fuel.

Vlakom

Vidi također: Rail travel in Australia, Across Australia by train

Map of the main inter-city rail lines in Australia

Visitors from areas with well-developed long distance rail systems such as Europe and Japan may be surprised by the lack of high-speed, inter-city rail services in Australia. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. Nevertheless, train travel between cities can be very scenic and present opportunities to see new aspects of the country, and can be a cost-effective way to get to regional towns and cities, which tend to have more expensive flights than those between the state capitals.

The long-distance rail services that do exist are mainly used to link regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. In Queensland, a tilting train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton and Brisbane to Cairns (Duh Queenslanda). Queensland also has passenger services to inland centres including Longreach (The Spirit of the Outback), Planina Isa (Inlander), Charleville (Westlander) i Forsayth (The Savannahlander). There are also inter-city train services operated by Great Southern Railways on the Melbourne-Adelaide (The Overland), Sydney-Adelaide-Perth (Indian Pacific) and Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin (Ghan). However, these are not "high-speed" services and actually cost more than flying, so if you do not enjoy train travel as part of your holiday then this is probably not for you.

Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra.

Long distance train operators

Indian Pacific

• Velike južne željeznice - A private train operator running luxury tourist train services, The Ghan, The Indian Pacific and The Overland between Sydney, Slomljeno brdo, Adelaide, Alice Springs, Darwin, Perth and Melbourne.
• NSW Trainlink Regional - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional connections to most New South Wales towns, including Dubbo, Coffs Harbour, i Wagga Wagga.
• V / linija - Train & coach services in Victoria, including combined Train and Coach services between Melbourne and Adelaide, Melbourne and Canberra.
• Queensland Rail - Long distance passenger train services in Queensland, including its flagship Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns.
• The Savannahlander - A privately-run train service that links Cairns with the outback town of Forsayth, using old heritage trains, and providing overnight accommodation and tours on the way.
• TransWA - State government run, operating train services to Kalgoorlie i Bunbury. TransWA also operates coach services to much of the state where former rail services operated in the past, especially the South West of the state.

Rail passes

No rail pass includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours.

• Discovery Pass. Use any NSW Trainlink services (trains and coaches). Get anywhere in NSW, and north to Brisbane and south to Melbourne.
• Queensland Rail Coastal Pass and Queensland Rail Explorer Pass.

Local public transport

A suburban train in Sydney

Melbourne is well served by an extensive tram network.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong i Newcastle have train and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Sydney, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details.

Some regional cities and towns have local bus services, but see the destination guides for service information, as frequency can be poor and weekend and evening services non-existent.

By motorail

Australia had a tradition of motorail, allowing you to carry carry your car with you on special car carriages attached to the back of the train. This service is now only available on Great Southern Railways between Adelaide, Perth, and Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations.

Autobusom

Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved for interstate connections are daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. There are no bus services from the other capital cities to Perth.

• Firefly Express, ☏1300 730 740 (local rate), 61 3 8318 0318 (international callers), ✉[email protected]. Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. 
• Hrt, ☏1300 473 946 (local rate), ✉[email protected]. Greyhound travels to over 1100 destinations in Australia daily every day of the year. It has a variety of ticketing options allow you to travel at your own pace, hopping on and off as many times as your ticket allows. 
• Murrays, ☏ 61 13 22 51, ✉[email protected]. Murrays has services connecting Canberra with Sydney, the NSW South Coast i snowfields. 

Brodom

The Spirit of Tasmania II at Port Melbourne

Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well.

However, large inter city ferry services are not common.

• The Spirit of Tasmania. The only long distance ferry route connects Tasmania to the mainland and carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily between Melbourne and Devonport.
• Sealink connects Kangaroo Island, Australia's second largest southern island to mainland South Australia with regular car ferries.
• Sea SA offers an short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Adelaide (Wallaroo) and the Lucky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula. The service has been suspended frequently, but is operating as of Dec 2018.

Palcem

It is legal to hitch hike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less commonly done than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitch hiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas.

Hitch hiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways (often called "motorways" in New South Wales and Queensland) in all states (effectively making hitch hiking illegal in many practical places, in all states).

If forced to hitch hike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Many major inter-city highways and freeways have emergency telephone units to request help.)

It is common to see a tourist hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitch hike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in.

By bicycle

Cycling the long distances between towns in Australia is not common, and most long distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. for example, to cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2–3 weeks with around 80–100 km per day.

Intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Long distance cyclists can be encountered on the Nullarbor and other isolated highways.

In some states, former railway lines have been changed into rail trails. Rail Trail Australia website has good material of routes off the main highways, with the Murray to the Mountains Train being the best quality trail with the most to see and do along the route. In Western Australia long distance cycle trails have been developed for mountain bikers. The Munda Biddi trail is many days through bushland, with huts provided for camping along the route.

Wherever you cycle - if you leave the urban sprawl of the capital cities, careful planning is required to ensure the correct supplies are carried.

Planinarenje

Walking through some parts of Australia is the only way to experience some particular landscapes. In Tasmania the Central Highland Overland Track and the South Coast Track are good examples of walking/hiking holiday napraviti items. The Bicentennial National Trail is one of the longest trails in the world, stretching from Cooktown in Northern Queensland, to Healesville.

Vidjeti

Divljač

A koala

Vidi također: Australasian wildlife

Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island continent, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.

Wildlife parks and zoos

• Wildlife parks and zoos are in every state capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura ili Mogo, or staying on Hamilton Island. See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney.

In the wild

A Tasmanian devil

• Klokani i wallabies are in national parks all around Australia. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney, but they're common on the outskirts of most urban areas.
• Wombats i echidnas are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island.
• Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are notoriously very hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Great Ocean Road, or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast.
• Emus are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture into the outback national park at Currawinya
• Čudnovati kljunaš are found in reedy, flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala ili Delegat in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat.

Convict sites

Much of Australia's modern history was as a penal colony for convicts from the United Kingdom, and there are many historical sites that still stand as a reminder of the days of convict transportation. Perhaps the most famous of these sites are Port Arthur u Tasmanija and Fremantle Prison in Fremantle, located near Perth, zapadna Australija. There are also many other sites scattered throughout the country.

Orijentiri

Sydney Opera House, one of most recognized Australian landmarks

Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. Iz Uluru in the red centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney.

Small Australian towns have a tradition of making big sculptures as landmarks. Vidjeti Big things in Australia.

Australia has thousands of heritage-registered sites, with 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Sportski

Part of an AFL match between the Hawthorn and Essendon teams

Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. As a testament to this, Australia has a track record of being one of the best performing teams at the Olympics despite its relatively small population. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). Australian sports fans are generally well behaved, and it is not uncommon for fans of two opposing teams to sit together during a match, even if the teams are bitter rivals. While the cheering can get really passionate, actual crowd violence is extremely rare.

• In the winter in Victoria Australian Rules Football (Aussie Rules, or in some areas just "footy") is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Although originating from and most popular in the state of Victoria, the premier national competition, known as the Australian Football League (AFL), has teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast as well. The AFL Grand Final, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground either in late September or early October each year, is the most watched event on the Australian sporting calendar. The AFL now runs a women's league, known as AFL Women's, during the summer. While obviously not as popular as the men's game, it still enjoys a decent following. The next women's season in 2020 will feature 14 teams from all of the current men's AFL markets.
• In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch the New Year's test match at the Sydney cricket ground played for 5 days starting from the 2nd of January, or the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne. Or for a more lively entertaining form, that only takes a few hours, try a twenty-twenty match. The final form is "One Day" Cricket, international matches generally start at 13:00 and finish at 22:00 or 23:00 (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11:00 to 18:00. The Australia Day One Day International is held in Adelaide every 26 January. Pepeo is a series of five test matches played between the Australian and English national teams. It is held in Australia every three or four years, and is one of the highlights of the cricket calendar. Whenever Australia hosts the series, the five matches are held in the five largest cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
• The Australian Open, jedan od tennis Grand Slams, is played annually at Melbourne Park, including the main stadium of Rod Laver Arena, u blizini Melbourne središte grada. Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January.

Hunter Stadium in Newcastle

.

• Catch a ragbi savez Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Japan in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament).
• Rugby League is a winter game played mainly in New South Wales and Queensland, with the National Rugby League (NRL) competition being the premier competition. Teams include Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. The competition culminates in the NRL Grand Final, which is held every year in the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The biggest event in the rugby league calendar of Australia is the State of Origin series between teams representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, which consists of an annual series of three matches of which two are are played in Sydney and Brisbane, and the third is played in either of those cities or sometimes, Melbourne or Perth. Many fans consider the level of play in the State of Origin series to be even higher than that in the Rugby League World Cup.
• Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in the domestic Super Netball league (which replaced a previous transnational league that also included New Zealand sides). The Australian national team is arguably the strongest in the world, with England, New Zealand and Jamaica usually posing the biggest challenge to Australian dominance.
• Nogomet is a growing sport that is aspiring to reach European levels. Many immigrants and second-generation Australians hail from European countries where passion for the sport is very high. The Australia national team (the Socceroos) won the Asia Cup for the first time in 2015 and have raised the sport's profile significantly. There is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community, for example a Newcastle league side Broadmeadow Magic, which was built around the cities' Macedonian population. While women's soccer is less popular as a spectator sport, it enjoys a decent following, with the national team (the Matildas) regularly participating in the World Cup. The women's counterpart to the A-League is the W-League.
• F1 Grand Prix The Melbourne Grand Prix in March takes place on a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a few kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used annually as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.
• The Prvenstvo super automobila je popularan oblik motornih utrka jedinstven za Australiju koji uključuje snažne automobile, usporediv s NASCAR-ovim utrkama u Sjedinjenim Državama - iako za razliku od NASCAR-a, koji se utrkuje gotovo isključivo na ovalnim stazama, serija Supercars koristi cestovne staze i ulične staze. Događaji se održavaju u cijeloj zemlji između ožujka i početka prosinca. Poznati Bathurst 1000 tradicionalno se održava u listopadu.
• Konjske utrke je treći najpopularniji sport u Australiji nakon australskih nogometnih i ragbi liga, a utrke se redovito održavaju u svim glavnim gradovima Australije. Glavni događaj u australskom kalendaru konjskih utrka je godišnji Kup Melbournea, koja se ujedno svrstava među najprestižnije utrke na svijetu.
• Utrke hrtova, iako manje popularan od konjskih utrka, ima značajan broj sljedbenika u Australiji, koja ima najveću svjetsku trkačku industriju hrtova. Trkačke staze hrtova mogu se naći u svim australskim glavnim gradovima, kao i u mnogim malim gradovima diljem zemlje.

Itinerari

• Rijeka Gibb River
• Grand Pacific Drive - Spektakularna vožnja oceanom na južnoj obali NSW-a.
• Autocesta Gunbarrel
• Staza Oodnadatta
• Autocesta Stuart: prelazak Australije sjever-jug
• Vojni muzeji i nalazišta u Australiji

Čini

Australija je poznata po tome što ima neke od najljepših plaža na svijetu (na fotografiji plaža Bondi)

Surferski raj, smješten u Zlatnoj obali, jedno je od najpopularnijih turističkih odredišta u zemlji, ima neke od najvećih svjetskih plaža i nalazi se u blizini niza tematskih parkova

Plivati

• u surfu. Australija ima naizgled beskrajne pješčane plaže. Slijedite gužve do svjetski poznatih Plaža Bondi u Sydneyu, ili Raj za surfere na Zlatnoj obali. Ili pronađite dio za sebe (ali pazite se opasnih usjeka na plažama, znatno je sigurnije pronaći patroliranu plažu). Surf je manji i topliji na tropskom sjeveru, gdje greben razbija nabreklost, a veći i hladniji na jugu s valovima koji se kotrljaju iz južnog oceana. (I da, u sredini je taman).
• u mirnim tropskim oceanima. Cable Beach u Broome svakodnevno je netaknuta plimom, ima savršen pijesak i toplu vodu - zimi.
• u termalnim bazenima. Južno od Darwina postoje mnogi prirodni termalni bazeni poput Berry Springsa i Mataranke, okruženi palmama i tropskim lišćem. Najskuplje odmaralište na svijetu nije moglo sanjati da će napraviti ovako dobar bazen.
• u slatkovodnim jezerima. U unutrašnjosti Australije obično je suho, ali postoje slatkovodna jezera tamo gdje biste ih najmanje očekivali. Istražite unutrašnjost Cairnsa na Atherton Tablelandsu ili se uputite prema zaleđu Nacionalni park Currawinya. Pazite na krokodile.
• u rijekama. Ako je vruće i ima vode, naći će se mjesto za kupanje. Gdje god se nalazili, samo potražite omiljeno kupalište s vodenom rupom i užetom na koje biste se mogli zamahnuti. Pazite na krokodile.
• u umjetnim bazenima. Lokalni bazen često je središte života zajednice u ljetnu nedjelju u seoskim gradovima Novi Južni Wales i Victoria. Mnoga predgrađa Sydneya i Newcastlea na plaži izgradila su bazene od kamena / betona, zvane "kupke", gdje možete kupati uz oceanske plaže.
• na plaži! Pronađite svoje mjesto uz vodu i izvadite ručnik. Zimi tropski sjever, ljeti dolje jug. Kao i uvijek u Australiji, zaštitite se od sunca.

Bushwalking

Bushwalking je popularna australska aktivnost. Možete šetati bush-om u mnogim nacionalnim parkovima i kišnim šumama.

Ronjenje

Ronioc na dah gleda ogromnu školjku na Velikom koraljnom grebenu

• Ronjenje s maskom otputovati na Veliki koraljni greben na obali Queenslanda ili Greben Ningaloo uz obalu zapadne Australije. Ili otiđite na put do Julian stijena Byron Bayili jednostavno zaronite s plaže kako biste vidjeli tropske ribe u Bundaberg.
• Ronjenje

Sportski

• Golf
• Penjanje po stijenama
• Brdski biciklizam. Isprobajte staze na Snježne planine ili crna planina u Canberri, ili danima biciklirajte planinskom biciklističkom stazom Munda Biddi u zapadnoj Australiji.
• Jahanje konja. Konj ima bogatu tradiciju u australskom naselju još od dolaska prvih europskih doseljenika. Oslanjanje na konja za putovanje ogromnim daljinama i surovim australijskim okruženjima bio je temelj snažnog i trajnog odnosa između Australaca i njihovih konja. Danas jahanje u Australiji uključuje brojne rekreacijske i profesionalne aktivnosti, od sakupljanja stoke na ogromnim postajama, do višemilijunske trkačke industrije. Na periferiji gradova i u ruralnom krajoliku vidjet ćete mnogobrojne ograde za ponije i toliko voljene konje koji svjedoče o strasti i predanosti australskih vlasnika konja prema svojim konjima i užitku koji donose.

Skijati

• Skijanje. Novi Južni Wales i Victoria imaju dobro razvijene skijaške objekte. Tasmanija može imati i skijanje nekoliko mjeseci u godini, s obzirom na pravo vrijeme.

Vidjeti Zimski sportovi u Australiji

Surfati

• Surfanje. Ako mislite da je Australija najnenaseljenije i najudaljenije mjesto na zemlji kamo možete pobjeći bilo kojem tragu ljudskog kontakta, samo pronađite dobar odmor za surfanje u najudaljenijem kutku Australije i zajamčeno je da ćete pronaći nekoga tko na njemu surfa. Australci vole surfati, a gdje god se surfa ima Aussie surfera, bilo kada i pod bilo kojim uvjetima. Gotovo svaka obala, osim uz gornji kraj od Cairnsa do Karathe, tamo ima surfere i surfere koji bi je vozili.

Uzbudljive aktivnosti

• Nebesko ronjenje, diljem Australije
• Baloni na vrući zrak, u Canberri, Brisbaneu ili na Crveni centar.
• Kitesurfing i jedrenje na dasci u i oko Geraldtona, zapadne Australije i na Plaža Krunidba, australski glavni grad windsurfinga i kitesurfinga

Kockanje

Konjske utrke na sastanku utrke Berrigan Cup u malom gradiću Berrigan u Novom Južnom Walesu

Rečeno je da ako postoje dvije muhe koje pužu uz zid, onda se samo trebate osvrnuti i pronaći Aussieja koji će voditi knjigu.

• Kazina. Crown Casino u Melbourneu najveći je u Australiji, nalazi se na Southbank, ali ima i drugih raštrkanih u svakom glavnom gradu i Cairnsu, Launceston, Alice Springs, Zlatna obala i Townsville.
• Dan na utrkama. Svi glavni gradovi imaju konjske utrke svakog vikenda, uz klađenje na stazama i izvan staza. Obično su to obiteljske prilike, a moda i viđenje dio su događaja. Gotovo svaki pub u Novom Južnom Walesu imat će karticu na koju se možete kladiti bez napuštanja stolice za šankom. Trke i kasači s hrtovima događaju se navečer, obično uz manje gužve, više piva i manje mode. Gradovi manjih zemalja imaju trkačke sastanke svakih nekoliko mjeseci ili čak godišnje. Ovo su stvarni događaji za lokalne zajednice, a vidi i kako manji gradovi oživljavaju. Krenite prema zaleđu Birdsville utrke, ili ako utvrdite da su ulice puste, vjerojatno je deset do tri prvog utorka u studenom (trčanje kupa u Melbourneu).
• Neobično. Utrke guštera, utrke krastačih krastača, utrke deva, rakove. Klađenje na ove utrke je potpuno ilegalno, a TIB (Potpuno ilegalno klađenje) pronaći ćete oko stražnjeg dijela šupe.
• Dva gore. Ako ste za Dan Anzaca (25. travnja), klađenje na bačene novčiće odvijat će se u vašem lokalnom RSL klubu, gdje god se nalazili.
• Australija ima gotovo četvrtinu svih zemalja automati za igre na sreću (lokalno poznati kao "pokiji" ili "poker automati") u svijetu, a više od polovice njih je u Novom Južnom Walesu, gdje većina pubova i klubova ima igraonice (s pravnim razlozima nazvane "VIP saloni") u kojima se može "imajte šamar" i idite na značajku.
• Ako se ništa od ovoga ne žali, a vi jednostavno imate previše novca u džepu, svaki grad i predgrađe u Australiji ima TAB. Odaberite svoj sport, odaberite pobjednika i predajte novac na šalteru.

Kockanje je ilegalno za osobe mlađe od 18 godina. To često može ograničiti ulazak u dijelove pubova, klubova i kockarnica za djecu.

Kraljevske predstave

Svaka od australijskih država i kopnenih teritorija dom je za kraljevska predstava, koji su poljoprivredni sajmovi koji također uključuju zabavne vožnje i druge oblike zabave i služe kao australski ekvivalent državnim sajmovima u Sjedinjenim Državama. Te se emisije održavaju u glavnim gradovima država i teritorija, obično tijekom proljetnih ili jesenskih mjeseci.

Kupiti

Pitt Street Mall u Sydneyu jedna je od najprometnijih trgovačkih četvrti u Australiji

Novac

Australska valuta poznata je kao dolar, označeno simbolom "$" ili "$"(ISO kod: AUD). Podijeljeno je na 100 centi (¢). U ovom vodiču znak "$" označava australske dolare, ako nije drugačije naznačeno.

Kovanice dolaze u apoenima od 5 ¢, 10 ¢, 20 ¢, 12-ostranih 50 ¢, 1 USD i malene 2 USD. Novčići od 5 ¢, 10 ¢ i 20 New od Novog Zelanda prije 2006. bili su gotovo identični australskim kolegama, osim za drugu stranu repa, tako da ih nije neobično naići među australskim promjenama. Bilješke dolaze u apoenima od 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 i 100 dolara (sve u prepoznatljivim bojama). Novčanice od 100 dolara rijetke su i povremeno ih je teško koristiti u trgovinama. Australske bilješke tiskane su na plastičnom polimeru, a ne na papiru. Ako ukupan iznos transakcije nije više od 5 centi, iznos će se zaokružiti na najbližih pet centi ako plaćate gotovinom. Točan iznos naplatit će se ako plaćate karticom.

Dolar nije vezan za bilo koju drugu valutu i njime se vrlo trguje na svjetskim deviznim tržištima, posebno od valutnih špekulanata. Njegova devizna vrijednost za druge valute može biti prilično kolebljiva, a promjene od 1-2% dnevno relativno su redovite.

Razmjena valute

Novčanice australskih dolara u novčaniku

Budući da se australski dolar smatra glavnom svjetskom valutom, široko je dostupan u mjenjačima i bankama širom svijeta.

Mjenjači novca u Australiji djeluju na slobodnom tržištu i naplaćuju niz paušalnih provizija, postotnih naknada, neotkrivenih naknada ugrađenih u tečaj ili kombinaciju sve tri. Stope otimanja možete izbjeći korištenjem banaka u glavnim središtima i držanjem podalje od zračnih luka i turističkih centara. Međutim, i najbolje i najgore cijene dolaze od malih privatnih prodavača, a sigurno možete uštedjeti novac preko banaka kupujući uokolo. Uvijek pribavite ponudu prije promjene novca. Obično ćete trebati imati identifikaciju s fotografijom, iako ćete možda biti izuzeti ako promijenite samo malu količinu.

Namjenska prodajna mjesta za razmjenu valuta široko su dostupna u većim gradovima, a banke također mogu zamijeniti većinu valuta bez ograničenja. Ova mjesta za razmjenu - posebno ona u zračnoj luci - mogu naplatiti 10% najbolje cijene koja se može dobiti kupnjom. Australske banke obično nude tečaj oko 2,5% od trenutne tečajne sredine. Na vrhu se može naplatiti paušalna provizija od 5–8 USD. Neka prodajna mjesta oglašavaju besplatnu zamjenu uz proviziju, obično popraćenu lošijim tečajem. Nemojte pretpostavljati da će svaka banka ponuditi istu zamjenu. Jednostavnim izračunom saznat ćete što nudi najbolju ponudu za iznos koji želite zamijeniti. U turističkoj brošuri u zračnoj luci Sydney dostupni su bonovi za zamjenu bez provizije u American Expressu.

Međunarodni aerodromski terminali imat će bankomate koji mogu izdati australsku valutu karticama Cirrus, Maestro, MasterCard ili Visa.

Bankarstvo

Otvaranje australskog bankovnog računa prilično je jednostavno ako imate prebivalište u Australiji. Morat ćete dostaviti banci dokaze o svom identitetu, poput putovnice, kako bi se zahtjev mogao obraditi. Najveće maloprodajne banke u Australiji su Nacionalna australska banka (NAB), Bankarska grupa za Australiju i Novi Zeland (ANZ), Commonwealth Bank i Westpac.

Bankomati su dostupni u gotovo svim australskim gradovima. Australski bankomati deregulirani su i mogu nametnuti nadoplatu nad onim što naplaćuje vaša banka ili izdavatelj kartice. Naknade se mogu razlikovati od institucije do lokacije, ali obično iznose oko 2 USD. Bankomat će prikazati troškove i imat ćete mogućnost zaustaviti transakciju prije nego što vam se naplati. Provjerite kod svoje banke koje dodatne naknade primjenjuju na povlačenja u Australiji.

Troškovi

Australija je općenito skupo mjesto za posjetiti, a neka su istraživanja Australiju svrstala na treće mjesto na svijetu po potrošačkim cijenama, iza Norveške i Švicarske.

Smještaj u spavaonicama u glavnom gradu iznosi oko 30 USD, ali u Cairnsu ili jeftinijim backpacker centrima može koštati i 15 USD. Osnovni motel u zemlji ili predgrađu glavnog grada koštao bi oko 100 dolara za dvokrevetnu sobu. Hotelski smještaj City Center u glavnim gradovima može se dobiti za oko 150 USD naviše za dvokrevetnu sobu. Hoteli u stilu Formule 1 / Motel 6 (koji nisu uobičajeni) mogu koštati oko 60–90 USD za dvokrevetnu sobu.

Najam automobila koštat će oko 65 dolara dnevno. Dan javnog prijevoza košta 10–20 USD dnevno, ovisno o gradu.

Obrok u kafiću košta oko 10–15 USD, a glavno jelo u restoranu kreće se od oko 17 USD naviše.

Osnovni obrok za poneti - hamburger, otmjeni sendvič ili par kriški pizze koštali bi 5-10 USD, Big Mac košta 4,50 USD, a obično možete uzeti pitu za oko 3 USD ili kolut kobasice za 2,50 USD. Pizza za poneti iz Pizza Hut-a dovoljno velika za hranjenje dvoje košta oko 10 dolara.

Middy / lonac (285mL) kućnog piva koštat će vas oko 4 USD, a čaša kućnog vina oko 6 USD u niskom lokalu. Da biste je odnijeli, slučaj s 24 limenke piva koštat će oko 40 dolara, a boca vina oko 8 dolara.

Cijena avionske karte između susjednih istočnih metropola iznosi oko 120 američkih dolara u jednom smjeru, ali može doći i do 60 američkih dolara ako rezervirate u pravo vrijeme ili oko 350 američkih dolara za prelazak zemlje pretpostavljajući da ste fleksibilni s datumima i rezervirate unaprijed. Putovanje vlakom u državnim vlakovima obično će koštati nešto manje. Putovanje autobusom, opet malo manje. Putovanje vlakom privatnim vlakovima bit će najskuplji način putovanja.

Obično se ne naplaćuje ulaz na plaže ili gradske parkove. Neki popularni nacionalni parkovi naplaćuju između 10 i 20 američkih dolara dnevno (po automobilu ili po osobi, ovisno o državi), dok su nacionalni parki besplatni. Umjetničke galerije i neke atrakcije su besplatne. Muzeji obično naplaćuju oko 10 dolara po ulaznici. Tematski parkovi naplaćuju oko 70 USD po osobi.

Porez

Australija ima 10% Porez na dobra i usluge (GST) to se odnosi na svu robu i usluge, osim na neprerađenu hranu, obrazovanje i medicinske usluge. GST je uvijek uključeni u prikazanoj cijeni bilo koje kupnje potrošača. Računi (porezne fakture) sadržavat će iznos GST-a.

Shema povrata novca za turiste

Ako odjednom kupujete robu veću od 300 USD, možete povratiti porez na porez ako iznesete stvari iz Australije u roku od 60 dana. Za razliku od mnogih drugih zemalja, to se odnosi i na australske državljane i na strance. Obavezno uzmite poreznu fakturu od dobavljača (na kojoj će roba biti razvrstana, plaćen GST i ABN dobavljača). Spakirajte predmete u ručnu prtljagu i predočite ih na TRS-u nakon imigracije i osiguranja prilikom napuštanja Australije. Ako bilo koji od predmeta iz bilo kojeg razloga mora biti prijavljen, pobrinite se da locirate carinarnicu i pustite carinike da razgledaju robu prije prijave torbi. Dopustite i dodatnih 30 minuta prije polaska, a ako je moguće unesite podatke na mreži prije dolaska u zračnu luku. Povrat novca može se izvršiti čekom, kreditom na australski bankovni račun ili uplatom na kreditnu karticu. Nema povrata za GST za usluge. Imajte na umu da se roba sada smatra bescarinskom i morat ćete platiti porez na nju ako je vratite u Australiju i ako premaši vaše carinske dodatke.

Kreditne kartice

Kreditne kartice su široko prihvaćene u Australiji. Gotovo svi veliki dobavljači poput supermarketa prihvaćaju kartice, kao i mnoge male trgovine. Visa i MasterCard su univerzalno prihvaćene kartice, zatim American Express, pa Diners Club s drugim kartama ili nikad ili vrlo rijetko prihvaćene. American Express i Diners Club prihvaćaju se u glavnim lancima supermarketa i robnih kuća. Bilo koja kartica koja prikazuje logotipe Cirrus ili Maestro može se koristiti na bilo kojem terminalu koji prikazuje te logotipe. Australske debitne kartice mogu se koristiti i putem sustava poznatog kao EFTPOS.

Apple Pay, Google Pay i beskontaktne kreditne kartice prihvaćaju se na gotovo svim terminalima. PIN ćete trebati unijeti samo ako je kupnja veća od 200 USD.

Sve australske kreditne kartice izdaju se s PIN-om. Ako imate inozemnu karticu bez PIN-a, još uvijek se možete potpisati za kupnju, no trgovci koji nisu naviknuti na poslovanje s inozemnim karticama toga možda neće biti svjesni. Pokušajte imati PIN na svojoj kartici ako to dopušta vaša banka. Ako ne, možda ćete morati objasniti da imate inozemnu karticu i pričekati dok prodavač pronađe olovku.

Doplata na kreditnoj kartici uvode se u svim agencijama za iznajmljivanje automobila, putničkim agentima, zrakoplovnim kompanijama i na nekim trgovcima na malo i servisima s popustom. Doplate su mnogo češće i veće za American Express i Diners Club (obično 2% -4%) nego za Visa i MasterCard (obično 1,5%).

Kreditne kartice UnionPay, kao i AliPay i WeChat Pay, sve su češće u turističkim trgovinama i restoranima zbog sve većeg broja kineskih posjetitelja. Teško ih je koristiti u drugim poslovima.

Isjeckan

Pregovaranje je neobično u australskim trgovinama, iako su dobavljači obično spremni ispuniti ponudu ili objaviti cijenu konkurentskog trgovca. Također vrijedi tražiti "najbolju cijenu" za robu visoke vrijednosti ili kupnju koja uključuje nekoliko predmeta. Primjerice, ne bi bilo neobično dobiti 10% popusta na nakit koji već nije bio snižen. Osoba s kojom imate posla može imati ograničena ovlaštenja za prodaju predmeta po bilo čemu osim označene cijene. Pokušaj cjenkanja bez razloga najvjerojatnije će se u Australiji doživjeti kao nepristojan i neće biti uspješan.

Napojnice

Napojnice je ne uobičajeno u Australiji, iako se savjeti prihvaćaju ako ih slobodno odlučite dati.

Restorani moraju u cijenu objaviti troškove usluge i poreze. Međutim, možete ostaviti mali savjet ako je usluga bila uzorna. Kada plaćate kreditnom karticom, neki veći restorani nude mogućnost dodavanja napojnice uplati, iako je potpuno neobavezna. Na drugim mjestima blagajna nudi posudu s novčićima s natpisom 'Savjeti', no češće je ne ostavljaju gosti. Barmenima se rijetko daju napojnice.

Ostale vrste uslužnog osoblja, uključujući hotelsko osoblje, vratare, turističke vodiče, vozače koji dostavljaju hranu i frizere, ne očekuju da će dobiti savjete.

Napojnice se također ne očekuju u taksijima, a vozači će vam obično vratiti kusur na zadnjih 5 centi, osim ako ne naznačite da bi trebali zaokružiti cijenu karte na najbliži dolar. Nije neobično što putnici upućuju vozača da zaokruži na sljedeći cijeli dolar.

Kazina u Australiji općenito zabranjuju davanje napojnica igračkom osoblju, jer se to smatra podmićivanjem. Slično tome, ponuda davanja napojnica vladinim dužnosnicima obično će se protumačiti kao primanje mita i potencijalno se može tretirati kao kazneno djelo.

Sati trgovanja

Znak koji ukazuje na to da je trgovina otvorena

Trgovački centar u Perthu

Australije osnovno vrijeme trgovanja su od ponedjeljka do petka, 09: 00-17: 00. Trgovine obično imaju jednu noć kasnonoćnih trgovina, ostajući otvorene do 21:00 petkom u većini gradova i četvrtkom u Brisbaneu, Melbourneu i Sydneyu. Nedjeljno trgovanje uobičajeno je u glavnim gradovima, ali ne postoji u svim ruralnim područjima. Radno vrijeme izvan ovog osnovnog radnog vremena razlikuje se ovisno o vrsti trgovine, mjestu i državi. Pogledajte naše lokalizirane vodiče za više lokalnih informacija.

Veliki lanci supermarketa u glavnim centrima radno su otvoreni barem do 21:00 radnim danom (a često i do ponoći), ali vikendom uglavnom imaju smanjeno radno vrijeme. Mini marketi poput 7/11 otvoreni su 24 sata u glavnim centrima.

Lanci restorana brze hrane obično su otvoreni 24 sata ili barem vrlo kasno. Mnogi prehrambeni tereni u gradskim središtima obično se zatvaraju do 16 sati i vikendom su potpuno zatvoreni ako ciljaju uredske radnike, ali ostali prehrambeni tereni u trgovačkim centrima imaju duže radno vrijeme.

Benzinske crpke su otvorene 24 sata u glavnim centrima, ali često se zatvaraju u 18 sati i nedjeljom u gradovima na selu.

Australije vikend je u subotu i nedjelju svakog tjedna. Trgovina na malo danas je gotovo univerzalna u većim gradovima vikendom, iako s malo smanjenim radnim vremenom. Opet je zapadna Australija iznimka s ograničenjima u otvaranju velikih trgovina nedjeljom. U manjim seoskim gradovima trgovine su zatvorene nedjeljom, a često i subotom popodne.

Turistički orijentirani gradovi i trgovine mogu ostati otvoreni dulje vrijeme. Turistička područja unutar gradova, kao što su Draga Luka u Sydneyu imaju duža vremena trgovanja svake noći.

Australske banke otvorene su samo od ponedjeljka do petka od 09: 00-16: 00, često se zatvaraju petkom u 17:00. Gotovina je dostupna putem automatskih brojila (ATM) 24 sata, a mjenjačnice su produžile radno vrijeme i rade vikendom.

Jesti

Na australsku kuhinju uglavnom je utjecalo njezino britansko kolonijalno nasljeđe sve do 1960-ih i 70-ih, ali s poviješću doseljavanja iz drugih dijelova Europe poput Njemačke, Italije, Grčke i Poljske, utjecaj tih kultura postao je očitiji u australskoj kuhinji od njezine Britanski počeci. Veliki priljev azijskih migranata također je ostavio traga na australskoj kuhinji, a mnogi su australski kuhari ugrađivali azijske utjecaje u nominalno zapadnjačka jela.

Različita plemena Aboridžina imaju svoje prepoznatljive kuhinje, iako zbog činjenice da se široko koriste egzotičnim sastojcima, oni većinom nisu postali dio uobičajene australske kuhinje.

Općenito govoreći, maniri za stolom u Australiji odgovaraju Europskim norme.

Mjesta za jelo

U gradovima i gradovima ne nedostaje mjesta za jelo. Pored dobrih restorana koji nude jela iz cijelog svijeta, tu su i sljedeće:

• Pubovi, counter ručak naziv je za ručak koji se poslužuje u baru puba. Tradicionalno se poslužuje samo u vrijeme ručka u salonu. Danas većina pubova nudi ručak i večeru, a mnogi imaju zaseban bistro ili restoran. Česti su odrezak, pileća parmigiana i nachos.
• Klubovi, klubovi, kao što su kuglački klubovi, klubovi liga, RSL-ovi su u mnogim gradovima. Najčešći su u državama Queensland i Novi Južni Wales. Većina posjetitelja dopušta, a ponekad nude i dobre obroke. Često je potrebna članarina.
• Kafići, većina gradova i predgrađa ima kafić ili kafić, koji poslužuju doručak i lagana jela i kolače tijekom dana. Nije neobično da se zatvore nakon 15:00.
• Pekare, obično dobro mjesto za kupnju kiflica, pita ili kobasica.
• Restorani brze hrane, McDonald's (ili Macca), Podzemna željeznica i KFC su česti. Burger King ovdje je preimenovan u Hungry Jack. Red Rooster je australski lanac koji nudi piletinu s roštilja i druge proizvode koji se uglavnom temelje na piletini.
• Oduzeti, mliječni barovi, sushi trgovine i druge trgovine za poneti obično prodaju sushi, pite, piletinu s roštilja, hamburgere, ribu i čips, žiroskope i ćevape.
• Prehrambeni tereni, većina trgovačkih centara ima hranu, čak i u gradovima na selu.
• Piknik, australska klima obično je dostupna za uzimanje bilo koje hrane koju možete i odlazak do najbližeg parka, rijeke, jezera ili plaže. Često su dostupni električni roštilji.
• Roštilj, popularna je australska zabava, a mnogi parkovi u Australiji nude besplatne roštilje za javnu upotrebu. Suprotno stereotipu, Australci rijetko "bacaju kozicu na barbiku" (također, u Australiji se kozica češće naziva kozicom). Odresci, kotleti, kobasice, pileći fileti, riba i ćevapi popularno se roštiljaju.
• Vinarije, mnoge australske vinarije imaju restorane koji poslužuju modernu australsku kuhinju s pogledom na njihove vinograde, gdje također možete kupiti njihova vina koja idu uz vaš obrok. Tipično otvoren samo za ručak, iako je iznimka restoran Magill Estate Penfolds u Adelaideu, koji se otvara samo za večeru.

Vanjski roštilji na jezeru Jackadder, Woodlands, zapadna Australija. Slični sadržaji mogu se naći u mnogim parkovima širom Australije.

Center Place u CBD-u Melbournea okružen je kafićima

Izvorna hrana

File klokana u restoranu u Sydneyu

Može biti razočaranje što domaća hrana zapravo nije toliko dostupna u australskim restoranima, niti je Australci sami konzumiraju. Dostupan je u supermarketima i nekim udaljenijim dijelovima zemlje. Tradicionalna aboridžinska prehrana može uključivati ​​ugrožene vrste, čija je konzumacija strogo ograničena na određene zajednice i vjerojatno vam neće biti dostupna.

• Klokan, ako vam se sviđa, dostupan je u mnogim supermarketima i mesnicama. Roštiljajte ga dok se srednje rijetko, ali najbolje da se ne prekuha, jer može postati prilično tvrd. Okusom podsjeća na govedinu. Povremeno se nađe na jelovniku u restoranima, uglavnom u turističkim područjima. Klokana ima u izobilju, čine znatno manje štete osjetljivom australskom okolišu od kopitara, a proizvode i mnogo manje emisija ugljika. Klokan je sjajna izjava o okolišu koju trebate dati tijekom roštiljanja.
• Krokodil, meso s farmi na sjevernom teritoriju i u Queenslandu široko je dostupno oko gornjeg kraja, a povremeno i drugdje. U Rockhamptonu, australskom glavnom gradu, možete vidjeti drevnog gmizavca na farmi dok žvače croc burger.
• Emu, da, možete pojesti i drugu polovicu australskog grba. Emu ima malo masnoća i dostupan je u specijalnim mesnicama. Isprobajte grb u piti Maleny ili na pizzi u Stijene.
• Bush tucker, mnoge ture mogu vam pružiti priliku da isprobate malo grmlja, bobičasto voće, orašaste plodove, korijenje, mrave i lišće iz australskog rodnog grma. Makadamija orašasti plodovi su jedina izvorna biljka u Australiji koja se komercijalno uzgaja za hranu. Neke druge grmljeve namirnice mogu biti stečenog okusa, mada je vrijedno probati domaće začine i sve se češće pojavljuju u australskim restoranima s finim jelima. Sladoled od grma busha ponekad se može naći na poljoprivrednim tržnicama i festivalima na otvorenom.

Izvan kuhinje

Pavlova ukrašena vrhnjem i malinama

Australija ima dobar dio britanske hrane nadahnute koja nije međunarodno poznata. Svakako vrijedi probati.

Vegemite, slani namaz na bazi kvasca, najbolje tanko namazan na tostu. Ako niste za kupnju staklenke, bilo koja kavana poslužit će vegemit na tostu u vrijeme doručka. Možda ga nema ni na jelovniku, ali vegemit će biti straga u staklenci pored marmelade. Ako ipak kupite staklenku, tajna je u tome da je vrlo tanko namažete, a ne zaboravite i maslac. Okus je sličan Marmiteu u Velikoj Britaniji ili Cenovisu u Švicarskoj. Australci su prilično naviknuti na okus i mogu raširiti Vegemite vrlo guste; ali ovo se ne preporučuje za one koji prvi put pristupe.

The Tim-Tam je sendvič s dva čokoladna keksa, umočen u čokoladu, punjen čokoladnom slatkišem. Paket (ili dva) možete kupiti u bilo kojem supermarketu ili maloprodaji. Tim-Tams su potrebni za izvođenje Tim-Tam Slam manevar. To zahtijeva odgrizanje oba kraja Tim-Tama, a zatim ga koristite kao slamku za ispijanje omiljenog toplog napitka, obično kave. Vrući napitak topi središte gluposti i stvara iskustvo koje je teško opisati. Potrebna je finoća kako biste usisali cijeli biskvit u usta u mikrosekundama između potpunog zasićenja i otapanja. Tim-Tams prodaju se u pakiranjima od 11 pa se svakako dogovorite oko dogovora o dijeljenju prije kupnje paketa sa svojim putničkim partnerom, jer bi ubuduće putni aranžmani mogli biti poremećeni. Ljeti se Tim-Tams često čuva u zamrzivaču i jede se ledeno hladan.

The lamington je kocka biskvita prekrivena čokoladnom glazurom i umočena u osušeni kokos. Ime je dobio po Lordu Lamingtonu, koji je bio guverner Queenslanda od 1896. do 1901. Domaći oblik možete pronaći na lokalnoj subotnjoj tržnici ili ga možete kupiti u pekari ako ste očajni. Izbjegavajte pod svaku cijenu sorte umotane u plastiku koje se prodaju u supermarketima.

The pavlova je beze torta s krem ​​preljevom obično ukrašena svježim voćem. Služi se u posebnim prigodama ili nakon roštiljanja za vrijeme ručka. Često je izvor spora s Novi Zeland preko izvornog izvora recepta.

ANZAC keksi mješavina su kokosa, zobi, brašna, šećera i zlatnog sirupa. Navodno su ih žene i organizacije za njegu poslale vojnicima iz Prvog svjetskog rata u paketima za njegu, ali priča je vjerojatno apokrifna. Dostupne su u pekarama, kafićima i supermarketima, a popularne su uoči dana ANZAC-a (25. travnja).

Prigušivač tradicionalni je soda kruh koji su pekli droveri i stočari. Ima osnovne sastojke (brašno, vodu i možda sol) i obično se kuha u žarnoj vatri. Rutinski nije dostupan u pekarnicama, a turistima se obično služi samo na organiziranim turama. Najbolje je jesti s maslacem i džemom ili zlatnim sirupom jer je suh i bljutav.

A Chiko rolada je duboko prženi snack nadahnut kolutom jaja ili proljetnom rolatom. Unatoč imenu, ne sadrži piletinu. Njezino punjenje je mesna ovčetina, povrće, riža, ječam i začini. Ljuska joj je deblja od kolutova jaja, namijenjena preživljavanju rukovanja na nogometnim utakmicama. Dostupno svugdje gdje možete kupiti ribu i čips.

The Australska mesna pita mnogi smatraju nacionalnim jelom. Varijacija je plovak za pitu iz Adelaide koja je pita okrenuta u zdjelu guste kašaste juhe od graška.

Ostale kuhinje

Kuhinje široko dostupne u Australiji, koje često pripremaju pripadnici relevantne kulture, uključuju:

• britanski, Australijsko kolonijalno nasljeđe možda najbolje predstavlja sveprisutnost riba i čips, a gotovo svaki kvart i mali grad na obalnom području imat će lokalnu trgovinu ribom i čipsom. Uobičajene vrste riba koje se koriste u Australiji uključuju pahuljice (razne vrste malih morskih pasa), plosnate glave, baramundi i bjelančevine King George. Za razliku od Velike Britanije, riba i čips u Australiji se obično poslužuju s umakom od kečapa i tartara. Pubovi u britanskom i irskom stilu uobičajeni su u naseljenim dijelovima Australije, iako sadrže australske žitarice poput pilećih parmi, šnicla i tjestenine.
• kineski, sinonim za izraz "za poneti" u prošlim generacijama. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianised Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents, that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Cantonese Dim Sum is available in dedicated restaurants in most large shopping malls.
• Tajlandski restaurants have exploded in number over the past decade. Sydney in particular is known as one of the best destinations for Thai food in the world.
• talijanski, the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Head to Lygon street in Melbourne or Leichhardt in Sydney if you're a fan.
• grčki is not quite as widespread as Italian above, but good options in every city and town.
• Libanonski and other Middle Eastern, especially in Sydney. A Manoosh is a tasty pizza variation that is somewhat more healthy as well.
  • A fusion dish that's becoming increasingly popular nationwide is the halal snack pack (also known by many alternate names). It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (originating from Turkey) and chips, covered by any of a wide variety of sauces and often cheese. Typically served in styrofoam containers as a takeaway dish.
• Indijanac is available in most cities, and often represent a good mid-range restaurant option.
• japanski, including bento takeaway shops, udon restaurants and sushi trains. They are often operated by Korejci, whose own cuisine is also well represented in the major cities.
• vijetnamski, Pho and Cha Gio (spring rolls) are easy to find in the major cities.
• njemački, South Australia and Queensland in particular have had a long history of German settlement, and German restaurants can be found in major cities and in country towns that were historically settled by Germans. The schnitzel is a German dish that has been Australianised and is widely available in pubs and cafes throughout the country, though unlike German schnitzels, which are usually made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. A good selection of German or German-inspired sausages is also available at many butchers.
• Asian fusion refers generally to Asian-inspired dishes.

Modern Australian

Modern Australian is a recently developed cuisine that is often seen in fine dining establishments, analogous to Modern American cuisine in the United States. This cuisine mixes cooking styles and flavours from different parts of Europe and Asia, paying homage to the diverse origins of Australia's population, and often incorporates native Australian flavours from the bush as well.

Vegetarijanac

Eating vegetarian is available in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities and in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast, you will find vegetarian and vegan restaurants. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Byron Bay are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas especially in the Northern Territory, North Western Australia and north Queensland vegetarians are often poorly catered-for, but most towns will have a Chinese or Thai restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a lot of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets.

Quick vegetarian options include:

• 'Smashed Avo' is a mix of avocado and feta cheese, served on toast and with an egg. A popular breakfast option and (unfairly) associated with free spending millennials.
• Sushi rolls and tofu pockets, available at sushi shops everywhere
• Vietnamese spring rolls (Bahn Mi) are also readily available with vegetarian fillings
• Korean restaurants offer rice bowls (such as Bibimbap) with no meat
• Pie shops of spinach rolls (filled with spinach and ricotta cheese)
• Most food halls have a dedicated salad counter

More remote outback areas may have very few vegetarian options (lots of processed meat pies and little else), so it is worth packing some vegetarian supplies before you go.

Religious diets

People observing kosher or halal will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Fast food chains often offer Halal certified meals in areas with high Muslim populations in Western Sydney and Melbourne.

Alergije

Australian restaurants generally provide options for people with common allergies such as nuts and seafood. Ask the waitstaff if in doubt.

The gluten free diet fad has spread to Australia, and there is no shortage of gluten free products in supermarkets, bakeries and restaurants, albeit often at higher price than the regular versions of those products.

Tržišta

All of the capital cities and many regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene standards in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their boot (trunk). The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season. In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details.

Piće

Pivo

Pijenje pivo is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians in Australia, and is almost impossible to find. Beers are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX (pronounced "fourex") in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. There are also local microbrew choices, which can be harder to find, but are often worth seeking out. A range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub.

The XXXX Brewery in Brisbane

Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Low calorie beer is sold as low carb.

Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a škuna is 425mL everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285mL, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy ili lonac, except in Darwin where it's a handle, but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570mL full pint, and a pinta means what a škuna does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides.

Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 ml stubby and the 750mL long neck, ili tallie. Cans of beer are known as tinnies and 24 of them make up a ploča, kutija, carton, ili a case.

Vino

Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $10 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from.

The areas of the Dolina Barossa (near Adelaide), Dolina lovaca (near Sydney), Dolina Yarra (near Melbourne) and Rijeka Margaret (near Perth) are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia.

Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town.

If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia.

Vidi također Paša grožđa u Australiji.

Duhovi

Bundaberg Rum (Bundy) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass-produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere.

For many years one had to search to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough and more are popping up all the time–Adelaide gin distilleries 75° and the Adelaide Gin Company have grown in esteem over the past few years. The tiny Sullivan's Cove distillery in Tasmania made waves in 2014 when one of their whiskies was named the World's Best Single Malt, kicking off a mini-boom in Australian whisky, and they repeated the feat in 2018 and 2019. If $8,000 for a bottle of their 2014 French Oak is a bit steep, drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Hobart waterfront precinct, book a gin blending experience at Archie Rose in Sydney, pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum.

Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. A basic spirit and mixer (vodka and orange juice for example) will cost you about $7 at a bar or nightclub, but can vary ~$5–12.

Pravni aspekti

The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 godina. It is illegal either to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age or to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age is an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25. It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18.

Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play.

In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems.

Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues: pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops, which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some states you can buy alcohol in supermarketi. In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, 08:00-23:00, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; unless you're in the middle of Sydney or Melbourne, so if you're planning on a party at home; it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 00:30 with no opportunity to buy more. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia.

Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but you would only likely ever be picked up by the police if you were causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged.

Driving while affected by alcohol is stigmatized, policed by random breath-testing police patrols in Australia, and inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of licence. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% in most states and 0.01% in New South Wales, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. Refusing any of these tests is a criminal offence. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath-testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after.

A shout

The Birdsville Hotel in far western Queensland

Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. Similarly this will likely be done to you when someone else joins the group. This is called a shout, and incurs an obligation that you will generally return the favour in a following round, and that also you will generally maintain the same drinking pace as your associates in the round throughout the evening. If someone in the same round as you has an empty glass, who is ahead of you in drinks bought, you should declare that it is your shout, and make your way to the bar. If someone offers to buy you a drink, but does not offer to buy for the person who already has bought you a drink, you should say you are already in a shout, and decline. If they buy you and the people in your round a drink, they have joined the shout. Its generally not polite to switch between shouts during an evening. It you are in a large shout, and you decline a drink, you still have to buy a drink for the round when it comes to your turn. You are well advised if you wish to skip a round, to do so on your shout. It is generally poorly received to buy a round, and then to refuse a drink when one is purchased for you. Often the drink will just be bought for you without even asking. Don't be surprised if someone who bought you a drink earlier in the night, later says that it is your shout. Not joining a shout can be awkward in some groups. The best way is to say you are driving, and you will buy your own drinks. This is also an acceptable way to drop out after one round, when the score is even.

Bezalkoholno

Milo is a malt and chocolate drink now made by Nestlé that was invented in Australia, and has since become immensely popular in parts of Jugoistočna Azija. It can be found in any Australian supermarket.

Australia has a strong coffee culture, especially Melbourne, a city with extensive Italian immigration. The joke is that Italians visiting Melbourne think the coffee is worse than their home city's, but better than every other city in Italy. Even service stations and fast food places will sell decent coffee. However, because of the strong preference for local coffee shops, many of the major chains in other countries don't exist -- Starbucks has a tiny handful of stores in Melbourne and Sydney, and none elsewhere in the country. Don't be taken aback by the lack of chains; try the local flavour instead!

Learn

Glavni članak: Studying abroad#Australia

Australia is a popular destination for University students, especially from Istočna Azija, Jugoistočna Azija i Indija. Australia offers world class universities in an English speaking environment, along with potential opportunities to actually gain resident and work visas on a path to citizenship. If you are intending to study in Australia, you will need to be on a visa class that allows this. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For very short term or part-time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy.

Australia also happens to be a great place to get Barista certification, with graduates being maybe able to command higher wages in coffee shops back in their home countries. Such courses can usually be conducted on a standard tourist visa.

Spavati

Camping by the Yarrangobilly River, NSW

Accommodation is readily available in most Australian cities and tourist destinations. As with everything else in Australia it tends to be on the expensive side by international standards.

Hoteli

All state capitals have a number of 4 or 5 star standard hotels, often with upmarket restaurants, bars, room-service, and other premium hospitality services. Other 2 or 3 star hotels are scattered around the inner-cities and inner suburbs. Best to check local guides and reviews to know what you are in for. Most hotels offer internet connectivity, occasionally for an inflated fee. Most hotels (distinct from the country pubs known as hotels) have private bathroom facilities. It isn't unknown for all options to run out during major events in cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

Pubovi

Bendigo's Shamrock Hotel

Most pubs in Australia offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer pubs. The rooms are often on the second floor directly above the bar area and can be noisy, particularly on Fri/Sat nights.

Outside of the major centres, the pub is called a Hotel. A motel won't have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached is called a Hotel/Motel.

In very small towns local pubs offer the only accommodation available to travellers. Accommodation in these pubs tends to be budget-style with shared bathrooms but private rooms.

Pub accommodation is even available in the centre of Sydney, making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour.

If you travel as a single, and want a private room, pubs usually have single rooms at a discount over a double room. Most motels will charge the same price for one or two people sharing a room.

Motels

Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room.

Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $80. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts.

Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room and kettles are widely provided.

Hostels and backpackers

Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20–30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions.

There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain.

Holiday parks

Holiday parks are an Australian holiday institution and a great way to stay if you have your own wheels. These are basically an upgraded version of caravan parks, but as the new marketing indicates, they now cater to regular travellers as well. A typical holiday park offers the following types of accommodation:

• Cabins fully equipped with bedding, kitchens, TV, wifi and more, for travellers without their own home on wheels. Most can house 4 or more people with rates starting from around $100/night.
• Powered sites for parking your caravan/campervan/motorhome/RV. Some parks offer ensuite sites featuring a little bathroom with shower & toilet.
• Unpowered sites are for those intending to pitch their own tent, starting from around $20/night.

Regardless of where you stay, the price includes access to communal facilities including BBQs, showers, kitchens, self-service laundries, pools, tennis courts and jumping pillows. The largest park chains covering the country are Top Parks/Discovery Parks i Veliki 4, but there are also plenty of independent options.

There are a couple of caveats to holiday parks:

• They're typically located on the outskirts of towns, so they're not very practical unless you have your vehicle.
• Most cater to families, which is great if you have kids, but not so much if you're looking for peace and quiet.
• During school holidays, parks tend to jack up their rates and require multiple-night minimum stays, and the best ones sell out anyway.
• If you change your mind, too bad, since reservations are typically nonrefundable.

Kampiranje

Camping is a popular pastime. In addition to camping at holiday parks, national parks often provide cheap or free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Paid camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hour's drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5–10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (e.g.: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc.), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres.

Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year.

You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilisation or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities.

Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed.

Farm stay

Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin.

Holiday home

Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes located in prime positions, but also sometimes in the residential sections of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom.

Noćenje s doručkom

The Henty Central Hotel in the New South Wales town of Henty provides bed and breakfast accommodation. Many country towns have similar hotels.

Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focused on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommodation they do in part of the Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, and the local motel will usually be cheaper.

Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts.

Resorts

There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard.

Serviced apartments

Serviced apartments are a very popular form of accommodation in Australia, with all capital and most regional cities having multiple such hotels. These often include hotels located in prime positions in the centre of town.

Guests are typically able to stay for as little as one night, and discounts are often available for bookings of a week and over. Rooms tend to be larger than in standard hotels, and amenities typically include a kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms. Apartment hotels generally don't offer breakfast or have a restaurant, but there are usually cafes located nearby (often next door) which cater to guests.

Houseboats

Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural rivers, and provide an excellent opportunity to spend time in the wilderness. These usually have kitchens in them so you can bring your own food to cook.

Station wagons and vans

In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 L water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, although overnight parking restrictions are rare. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100 fine is not uncommon.

All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric barbecues as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel.

Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you.

Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense.

Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly.

Raditi

Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. It is illegal for foreigners to undertake paid work in Australia on a tourist visa. Be aware that any form of compensation for services performed, monetary or otherwise (e.g. room and board), counts as payment in Australia, meaning that such work would be illegal on a tourist visa. Volunteer work is allowed provided it is incidental to the trip (i.e. not the main purpose for the trip). Foreigners in Australia on a student visa are allowed to work for up to 20 hours a week during term time, and full-time during the school holidays. Working illegally in Australia runs a very real risk of arrest, imprisonment, deportation and being permanently banned from re-entering Australia. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements.

Payment and taxes

Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts and therefore you should open a bank account as soon as possible. Some banks allow you to open account from abroad, for example Commonwealth Bank and HSBC.

You should also apply for a Tax File Number (TFN) as soon as possible. You can apply on-line for free at the Australian Tax Office website, though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. You can start working without one, but you are advised to get one as soon as possible as your employer would have to withhold tax from your salary at the highest rate should you not provide one. Register your TFN with your bank as soon as possible, otherwise any interest you accrue will be taxed at the highest rate. The Australian financial year runs from 1st July to 30th June, and tax returns for each financial year are due on 30th October, four months after the accounting period ends. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return.

Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Visitors on temporary working visas who are not citizens of Australia or New Zealand should claim this money when they leave Australia. This payment is known as a Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP) and you can apply online. New Zealand citizens can transfer their superannuation money to their New Zealand KiwiSaver account; contact your provider to arrange this.

Working holidaymaker scheme

Vineyards in South Australia

Australia has a working holidaymaker program for citizens of certain countries between 18 and 30 years of age. It allows you to stay in Australia for 12 months from the time you first enter. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12-month visa.

You can apply online for a working holiday visa, but you must ne be in Australia at the time. It takes just a few hours to process usually and it costs about $440 (as of March 2017). On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer.

It's recommended to arrive in Australia with sufficient funds which is a minimum of $5000 if you are on a working holiday visa. The cost of living in Australia is quite high and it may take a few days or weeks to get a job.

Work visas

Work visas in Australia change frequently and sometimes without any notice, so always check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the Immigration Department's website.

The most straightforward way to get a work visa (subclass 457, 186 & 187) is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia. Locally advertised jobs are usually explicit in requiring a valid work visa before your application can be considered. Getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process and you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). An employer with a good background and efficient immigration lawyers could get your 457 approved within a week. Your work visa will only be valid for the employer who sponsored you and you will have to leave within 30 days of your employment ending.

Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa (subclass 187) is the easiest employer nominated visa to acquire, although you will have to live and work in a designated 'regional' area. These areas are mostly rural and far removed from the larger cities, although Adelaide does count in this scheme.

Skilled independent visas (subclass 189, 190, 489) may be pursued if you have a valuable specialised skill and don't want to be tied to a specific employer.

There is also a temporary graduate visa (subclass 485) which allows graduates of Australian universities to stay on and work in Australia, and is usually valid anywhere from 18 months to 4 years depending on your level of education, and your major. Your major must be from a list of skilled occupations for which there is a labour shortage in Australia. This list is updated every year, and whether or not you qualify for this visa is dependent on the list at the time of your graduation, ne at the time you begin your studies.

Imigracija

You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. If you have a lot of money, there are several investor's visas available which allow you to live in Australia with a view of obtaining permanent residency. After four years of legal residency which must include one year as a permanent resident, you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship.

Volontiranje

There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, & education programs such as Australian Volunteers, Svjetski fond za zaštitu prirode, Gap 360, Go Discover Abroadi Xtreme Gap Year.

Poštovanje

Unless you are actively trying to insult someone, a traveller is unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance.

Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to people many years your senior. Many Australians are fond of using and giving nicknames - even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and as such it would be rare they are being condescending.

It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire are okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for women and men, although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women.

Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather.

Koristeći Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile.

Australians are often self-deprecating; however, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well.

Social classes do not feature as prominently in Australia as they do in many other countries, and you will notice that tradespeople and manual labourers are very well paid and accorded a lot more respect in Australia than elsewhere. Be careful not to imply that you are looking down on people whose jobs may be considered menial by the standards of other countries. Service workers, including hotel staff, waiters, cleaners, taxi drivers and shop employees, expect that customers will treat them as equals.

Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "excuse me", is asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly helps.

Indigenous Australians

Uluru

Aboriginal Australians likely arrived in the Australian landmass 60,000 years ago and number over half a million people today. They have faced significant discrimination over the years since European settlement took their traditional lands, and sensitivity should be given at all times. Aboriginal people actually come from many different 'nations' with distinctive cultures and identities that spoke up to 250 different languages before European settlement.

Many areas of Aboriginal land are free to enter. Some areas carry a request from the Aboriginal people not to enter, and you may choose yourself whether or not to honour or respect that request. Uluru holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu people, who live in the area; while climbing it used to be a popular tourist activity, it has been banned since 2019. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened many times during the climb), so please keep off.

Some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online.

If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too, though these terms only refer to people indigenous to mainland Australia or Tasmania. Avoid using Aborigine ili Aboridžina as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in these words. The contraction "Abo" is deeply offensive and should never be used. Riječ Native is also offensive. People indigenous to the Otoci Torres tjesnaca do not identify as "Aboriginal"; just stick to the term Torres Strait Islander umjesto toga.

Other areas to consider when interacting with Indigenous Australians are:

• Australia Day is considered a day of invasion by many Aboriginal people
• Najbolje je ne spominjati ime preminule osobe autohtonom Australcu. Iako se običaj aboridžina razlikuje, najbolje je izbjeći mogućnost uvrede.
• Uvijek treba tražiti dozvolu za fotografiranje Aboridžina, ali posebno u udaljenijim područjima kao što je Arnhem Land, sjeverni teritorij.
• Izbjegavajte nepoštivanje svetih aboridžinskih mjesta poput uspona na Uluru ili Tri sestre itd.

Religija

Suvremeno australsko društvo prilično je sekularno i samo manjina Australaca redovito ide u crkvu. Većina Australaca tolerantna je prema ljudima svih vjera, a ljudi koji nose vjerske odjeće poput hidžaba, kipa ili raspela općenito se neće suočiti s maltretiranjem iako islamofobija postoji. Međutim, pokušaji prouzrokovanja vjere ili druge neugodnosti zbog vaše religije češće rezultiraju negativnim odgovorom.

Ostati siguran

Hitne slučajeve

Broj 000 (nazvano "trostruka nula" ili "trostruka oh") može se besplatno birati s bilo kojeg telefona u Australiji. Ovaj će vas broj povezati s policijom, vatrogascima, obalnom stražom ili hitnom pomoći nakon što hitnom operateru kažete koja vam usluga treba.

Ako se želite obratiti tim službama, ali situacija nije hitna, nemojte zvati 000: možete nazvati policijsku liniju za pomoć uključenu 131 444. To uključuje traženje poziva za prigovore zbog buke. Informacije o otrovima, koje također mogu savjetovati ujede zmija, pauka i insekata, dostupne su na 131 126. Informacije o pronalaženju najbliže medicinske službe možete dobiti pozivom 1800 022 222 (osim Tasmanije).

Ako vam je potrebna pomoć tijekom poplave, oluje, ciklone, tsunamija, potresa ili druge prirodne katastrofe, možete kontaktirati Državnu službu za hitne slučajeve u svakoj državi (osim sjevernog teritorija) na 132 500. Bit ćete povezani s lokalnom jedinicom i od tamo se može organizirati pomoć. Ako je hitna situacija opasna po život, umjesto toga nazovite 000.

Možete nazvati 000 sa svih mobilnih telefona. Mobilni telefoni prodani u Australiji prepoznaju ga kao broj za hitne slučajeve i koristit će bilo koju dostupnu mrežu za upućivanje poziva. Međutim, ako imate telefon nabavljen izvan Australije, pomoću univerzalnog broja za hitne slučajeve 112 je bolja ideja. Korištenje 112 upotrebljavat će bilo koju dostupnu mrežu, radit će čak i ako vaš telefon nije u roamingu i radit će čak i ako telefon nema SIM karticu. 112 radova radi i s australskih telefona.

Osobe oštećenog sluha ili govora s TTY opremom mogu birati 106. Oni s internetskom vezom mogu koristiti Internet Relay Service, putem web stranice.

Pozivi s fiksnih (fiksnih) telefona mogu se pratiti kako bi hitne službe mogle doći do vas. Hitne službe imaju ograničenu mogućnost praćenja podrijetla hitnih poziva s mobilnih telefona, posebno izvan urbanih područja, stoga budite sigurni da ćete mirno i jasno pružiti detalje o svom mjestu. Zbog niza brojeva za hitne pozive, oko 60% poziva na brojeve za hitne slučajeve upućeno je pogreškom.

Nitko se vjerojatno neće odazvati vašem pozivu ako operateru ne budete mogli učinkovito priopćiti da vam je potrebna pomoć. Ako vam je potrebna pomoć, ali ne možete govoriti, bit ćete preusmjereni na IVR i zatraženo je da pritisnete 55 da potvrdite da vam je potrebna pomoć i da niste slučajno nazvali. Tada će vaš poziv biti povezan s policijom.

Osim 112 s mobitela, brojeva hitnih službi iz drugih zemalja (na primjer, '911', '17' ili '100') ne radi u Australiji.

Vožnja

Zadržite osjećaj perspektive. Turisti imaju mnogo veću vjerojatnost da će poginuti ili ozlijeđeni kao pješaci, vozači ili putnici na australskim cestama nego svi drugi uzroci smrti i ozljeda zajedno.

Zabranjena je vožnja pod utjecajem alkohola ili droga. Većina država koristi propisani standard alkohola u krvi kako bi utvrdila je li vožnja kaznena. Propisani (dopušteni) sadržaj kreće se od nula do 0,05. Provodi se slučajno testiranje daha na krv i alkohol.

Australija je ogromna zemlja i vožnja između gradova može potrajati duže nego što očekujete, pogotovo ako ste navikli na autocestu ili autocestu u Europi ili Sjevernoj Americi. Iako su glavne autoceste usporedive s onima u inozemstvu, s sekundarnim autocestama u ruralnim područjima treba postupati pažljivo. Ograničenja brzine razlikuju se ovisno o mjestu, cesti i državi. Izbjegavajte stres od umora ne planirajući voziti predaleko u jednom danu. Vlasti toplo preporučuju stanku (uz malo šetnje izvan automobila) svaka dva sata.

Vožnja između gradova i mjesta opasna je od udaranja ili sudara zbog skretanja kako bi se izbjegle divlje životinje. Klokani imaju naviku da ih uplaše automobili, a zatim zbunjeno skaču ispred njih. Budite posebno oprezni u vožnji područjima s vegetacijom u blizini ceste i tijekom zore i sumraka kada su divlje životinje najaktivnije. Divljač obično nije problem u glavnim urbanim područjima (s izuzetkom Canberre gdje niz parkova pruža dovoljno staništa klokanima koji često prelaze glavne ceste).

Urbani Australci šetaju, izmiču se automobilima i predviđaju slijed svjetla. Iako će se većina vozača zaustaviti zbog crvenog svjetla, žuto svjetlo je uobičajeno, pa je osiguravanje zaustavljanja prometa prije nego što iskorače s ivičnjaka uvijek dobra ideja. Ljudima iz zemalja koje voze s desne strane trebat će neko vrijeme da se naviknu gledati ispravan put prilikom prelaska.

Plaže

Spasilac na plaži Bondi u Sydneyu

Svake se godine u Australiji utopi oko 10–20 inozemnih putnika. Većina tih utapanja događa se na oceanskim plažama, gdje statistika posjetitelje stavlja u znatno veći rizik od mještana. Provjeri Web stranica o sigurnosti na plaži.

Gosti na plaži bi trebali plivati ​​između crvene i žute zastave koji određuju patrolirana područja. Plažama se ne patrolira 24 sata dnevno, pa čak ni tijekom cijelog dana. U većini slučajeva lokalni dobrovoljni spasioci za spašavanje ili profesionalni spasioci dostupni su samo tijekom određenih sati, a na nekim plažama samo vikendom, a često i tijekom ljeta. Ako zastave nisu podignute, onda nitko ne patrolira. Mnoge plaže u ruralnim područjima uopće nisu patrolirane. Ako odlučite plivati, budite svjesni rizika, provjerite uvjete, budite u svojoj dubini i nemojte plivati ​​sami.

Mnoge plaže u Australiji iznenada se ispadnu, što može iznenaditi neplivače. Ako sumnjate, pitajte mještane.

Tvrde daske za surfanje i druga plovila za vodu, poput surfarskih skija, kajaka itd., Jesu ne dopušteno između crvene i žute zastave. Ova se plovila smiju koristiti samo izvan plavih zastavica "dopušteno surfanje".

Australijske oceanske plaže ponekad mogu imati jake rascjepe protiv kojih ne mogu plivati ​​ni najjači plivači. Rupci su gotovo nevidljivi kanali vode koja odlazi s plaže. Mnogi mještani mogu uočiti pukotine, pa ako ste u nedoumici, pitajte. Ti kanali izvlače vodu koju dolazni valovi surfa dovode na obalu. Ljubitelji plaže mogu pogrešno koristiti ove kanale ili područja jer se mogu činiti mirnom vodom i izgledaju kao lakše područje za kupanje. Problemi nastaju kada plivač pokušava plivati ​​natrag na obalu protiv izlazne struje ili pukotine, brzo se umoriti i na kraju se utopiti. Pukotine se mogu prepoznati po jednom ili više od ovih znakova: naborani izgled kad je okolna voda prilično mirna; pjena koja se proteže izvan zone loma; smeđa voda pješčane boje; valovi koji se probijaju dalje s obje strane ripa.

Ako vas uhvati rip na patroliranoj plaži, uštedite energiju, plutajte ili gazite vodu i podignite jednu ruku. Spasioci za spas za surfanje će vam izaći. Ne čekajte dok se toliko ne umorite da više ne možete plivati. Vjerojatno ćete otkriti da će vam lokalni plivači ili surferi također brzo priskočiti u pomoć. Obično se zastave postavljaju tamo gdje nema ripova, ali to nije uvijek slučaj jer se ripovi mogu pomicati.

Ako vas uhvati rip na nepatroliranoj plaži, budite mirni kako biste uštedjeli energiju i plivali paralelno do plaže (nije protiv potezanja struje). Većina repova široka je samo nekoliko metara, a kad se maknete iz podzemlja, moći ćete plivati ​​ili uhvatiti val za povratak na obalu. Nikad ne plivajte sami. Nemojte misliti da će vas ispravna tehnika izvući iz svake situacije. U surfanju sa stražnje strane plaže, gaženje vode može biti teško, a valovi vas udaraju svakih nekoliko sekundi. Ako niste vidjeli da se to događa, teško je shvatiti koliko vas brzo usjek može odvesti na 50 m u more i u puno veće valove. Ako ste na nepatroliranoj surferskoj plaži, nastavite s velikim oprezom i nikada nemojte izaći iz dubine.

Znakovi na plaži često imaju broj ili alfanumerički kod. Ako je potrebno, ovaj se kôd može dati hitnim službama, tako da vas mogu brzo pronaći.

Krokodili i Kutija meduza nalaze se na tropskim plažama, ovisno o dobu godine i području. Morski psi se javljaju na mnogim australskim plažama. Pogledajte odjeljak u nastavku o opasnim stvorenjima. Patrolirane plaže nadgledat će ocean na bilo kakve aktivnosti morskih pasa. Ako čujete neprekidnu sirenu kako puca na plaži, a crvenu i crveno-bijelu četvrtinu zastavu mašu ili podižu iz kule, to ukazuje na viđenje morskog psa, zato krenite na obalu. Kad se razbistri, oglasit će se kratki zvuk sirene, što obično znači da se sigurno može vratiti u vodu.

Prirodne katastrofe

Kao veliku zemlju, Australiju pogađa niz prirodnih katastrofa.

Ciklone

Tropski cikloni (uragani) javljaju se u tropskim predjelima (sjeverni dio) Australije između studenog i travnja i trebali biste razumjeti kako vam tropska ciklona može utjecati tijekom vlažne tropske sezone. Utjecaj ciklona ovisi o njihovom intenzitetu i vašoj blizini. Slabe ciklone možda će vas koštati dan ili dva odmora zbog kiše i vjetra dok ostanete u zatvorenom hotelu, a sat vremena vožnje od centra ciklone i dalje može imati lijepo vrijeme. Ozbiljniji tropski cikloni mogu biti smrtonosni za nepripremljene, mogu vas prisiliti na evakuaciju i ozbiljno poremetiti vaše putne planove. Čak i ciklone niskog intenziteta ili tropske depresije u udaljenijim područjima mogu zatvoriti ceste danima ili tjednima.

U prosjeku grad u tropskom pojasu doživi tropsku ciklonu svakih 30 godina ili tako nekako. Oskudnost stanovništva na australskom sjeveru i sjeverozapadu (gdje su najzastupljeniji cikloni) znači da mnogi cikloni prolaze obalu s malim utjecajem na gradove.

Ipak, ako planirate putovati u tropske krajeve tijekom sezone ciklona, ​​trebali biste ih razumjeti i pregledati Informativna stranica Zavoda za meteorologiju prije nego što krenete i pripazite na stranicu dok putujete kako biste dobili rana upozorenja o nastalim problemima.

Poplave

Na tropskom sjeveru Mokra sezona događa se tijekom ljetnih mjeseci prosinca, siječnja i veljače, donoseći bujne kiše i česte poplave u te regije. Nije neobično da neka obalna područja budu odsječena na dan ili dva dok se voda povlači. Još uvijek može biti dobro vrijeme za posjet nekim dobro naseljenim, turistički orijentiranim područjima, a osim u neobično jakim poplavama, još uvijek možete vidjeti udarne vodopade i druge atrakcije zbog kojih ovo može biti zanimljivo za posjetiti.

Poplave u zaleđu i u unutrašnjosti Australije rijetke su, događaju se desetljećima, pa ne biste imali sreće s njima. Međutim, ako planirate posjetiti unutrašnjost ili zaleđe, a područje je poplavljeno, trebali biste razmisliti. Zemljište je ravno pa voda može potrajati tjednima da bi krenula dalje, a zemljište je ostalo močvarno. Insekti i komarci poludjeju sa svom slatkom vodom koja se skuplja okolo, a te stvari za doručak jedu sredstvo protiv insekata i još uvijek su gladne. Ceste se zatvaraju, često dodajući mnogo sati vremenu vožnje. Mnoge atrakcije često leže na kratkom dijelu zemljanog puta pored glavnih autocesta, a ti dijelovi postaju neprohodni, čak i ako glavna cesta ostane otvorena. Planirajte se povratak za nekoliko tjedana, a zemlja će i dalje biti zelena, jezera i rijeke i dalje će teći, a život ptica i dalje će biti u blizini.

Najvlažnije razdoblje na jugu zemlje obično je oko zimskih mjeseci lipnja, srpnja i kolovoza. Rijetko ima dovoljno kiše odjednom da uzrokuje poplave. Glavni gradovi su rijetko, ako uopće ikad, značajno pogođeni poplavama.

Flash poplave

Flash poplave se javljaju u mnogim istočnim gradovima barem jednom godišnje, uglavnom ljeti, i predstavljaju smetnju. Ipak, ostanite unutra i slijedite savjete lokalnog radija SES i ABC. Nikada ne pokušavajte voziti u poplavnim vodama, svake godine uništi na desetke automobila pomisli "nije tako duboko". Ne želite biti osoba koja pluta ispod mosta i čeka policiju da vas spasi.

Flash poplave često donose veliku tuču, koja može oštetiti automobile. Potražite tajno (ne podzemno) parkiralište.

Obično je predvidljiv. Općenito ćete čuti gunđanje o oluji koja dolazi od mještana i bom.gov.au navest će ozbiljno vremensko upozorenje.

Opskrba vodom

Australija je vrlo suha zemlja s velikim površinama od pustinja, a može se i jako zagrijati.

Kada putujete u udaljena područja, daleko od zatvorenih cesta, gdje je potencijal da ostanete na cjedilu do tjedan dana, a da ne vidite drugo vozilo, vrlo stvaran, od vitalne je važnosti da nosite vlastiti vodovod (4 litre ili 7 l po osobi dnevno ). Neka vas ne zavaraju unosi na kartama kao što su "zdenac" ili "izvor" ili "spremnik" (ili bilo koji unos koji sugerira da postoji vodeno tijelo). Gotovo su sva suha, a većina unutrašnjih jezera su suhe solane.

Mnogi gradovi imaju ograničenja u vezi s vodom, ograničavajući upotrebu vode u aktivnostima poput pranja automobila, zalijevanja vrtova ili javnih tuševa. Uobičajeno je vidjeti natpise u smještaju koji od posjetitelja traže da ograniče duljinu tuširanja.

Uobičajeno je da mnogi regionalni gradovi u javnim kupaonicama ne mogu piti vodu. Ne pijte iz slavine s natpisom "Ne pijte" ili "Ne piće", jer je to obično samo neobrađena podzemna voda.

Potresi

Iako se Australija ne nalazi ni na jednoj granici ploče, s vremena na vrijeme događaju se potresi. To su obično manje i vrlo rijetko uzrokuju veće štete ili smrtne slučajeve.

Grmljavinska vatra

Grmljavinska vatra predstavljaju sezonsku opasnost u mnogim dijelovima Australije - a ako se upuštate u grmlje ili ruralna područja, isplati se najprije provjeriti opasnost od požara i status bilo kakve vatrene aktivnosti. Iako se većina požara brzo suzbija, u vrlo opasnim danima požara, požari buše mogu biti opasni po život - osobito ako pješice ili nemaju zaštitu značajne zgrade.

Ako vas uhvati grmljavina, većina požara će brzo proći. Morate pronaći zaklon koji će vas zaštititi od dima i zračenja topline. Najbolja je kuća, zatim automobil, čistina, špilja ili na plaži je najbolje mjesto. Mokri sve što možeš. Držite se nisko i pokrijte usta. Pokrijte se nezapaljivom (vunenom) odjećom ili pokrivačima i smanjite kožu koja je izravno izložena vrućini. Ako imate pristup slavini, rano skupite vodu; ne oslanjajte se na pritisak vode kako se približava vatrena fronta.

Ocjena opasnosti od požara (na slici desno) govori vam koliko bi požar bio opasan ako bi se zapalio. Nije prediktor kolika je vjerojatnost pojave grmlja.

Znakovi opasnosti od požara nalaze se širom Australije

• Jako: Vruće, suho i vjetrovito. Požar koji započne u tim uvjetima može biti nekontroliran. Samo dobro pripremljene zgrade koje se aktivno brane mogu pružiti sigurnost. Ostavite na prvi znak vatre.
• Ekstremno: Vruće suho i vjetrovito. Bilo koji požari koji se pokrenu i uhvate bit će nekontrolirani, nepredvidljivi i brzo se kreću. Samo kuće i zgrade izgrađene da izdrže požar, dobro pripremljene i aktivno zaštićene mogu pružiti sigurnost. Izbjegavajte šumovita područja, gusti grm ili dugu, suhu travu. Preporučuje se napuštanje takvih područja kako biste bili sigurni da vas neće zahvatiti grmlje.
• Katastrofalno / kod crveno: Ovo su najgori mogući uvjeti za požar grmlja ili trave. Izbjegavajte šumovita područja, gusti grm ili dugu, suhu travu. Vrlo je poželjno napustiti šumovita i grmolika područja.

Vrijedno je napomenuti da će mnogi mještani napustiti svoje zabitne domove tražeći utočište u velikim gradovima cijeli dan, nekoliko dana u godini koji su označeni kao "katastrofalni".

Nacionalni parkovi i državne šume

Ako je opasnost od požara ekstremna ili veća, nacionalni će parkovi možda biti zatvoreni, posebno područja zaleđa, pa ćete morati imati alternativni plan ako namjeravate kampirati ili planinariti u parkovima tijekom ljeta. Ako postoji požar u parku, obično će biti u potpunosti zatvoren.

Ako boravite u parku ili šumi tijekom razdoblja ekstremne opasnosti od požara, najsigurnija opcija je napustiti noć prije ili rano u danu. Ako saznate za požar ili vidite dim, brzo poduzmite akciju.

Putovanje tijekom aktivnih požara ili tijekom sezone požara

Ako se vozite izvan gradova tijekom sezone bušnog požara, prilagodite se lokalni ABC radio. Tijekom bušnog požara ili bilo koje druge trajne nužde, svakih trideset minuta oglasit će se sirena upozorenja, nakon čega slijedi ažuriranje o trenutnoj situaciji grmlja u tom području. Na telefon možete primiti upozorenja o evakuaciji.

Za hitne slučajeve i upravljanje bušnim požarima država je odgovorna u Australiji - zato pronađite web mjesto ili aplikaciju primjerenu državi u kojoj se nalazite. Web stranice poput Hitni WA i VicEndergency navesti sve trenutne hitne slučajeve u svojim državama i često su najsuvremenija metoda dobivanja informacija o trenutnoj hitnoj situaciji.

Moguće je da ćete se dovesti u situaciju da postane prekasno za odlazak.

Tijekom sezone grmlja, imajte plan koji se sastoji od dva puta za bijeg i mogućnosti brzog spakiranja onoga što vam treba.

Trgovački centri ili glavne ulice izgrađenih gradova sigurna su mjesta na kojima ćete biti tijekom Extreme ili Code Red dana, osim ako putem radija ne čujete drugačije.

Čitavi seoski gradovi ponekad se mogu evakuirati kada im prijeti požar. U vrijeme evakuacije često ne može biti znakova požara, ali trebali biste otići ranije, jer je evakuacija kroz vatrogasnu frontu opasna. Najbolji savjet je samo da idete dalje, a ne da ostanete u blizini da biste gledali.

Paljenje vatre

Provjerite jesu li požari koje palite legalni i da li su pod nadzorom. Vatrogasna služba djeluje a potpuna zabrana požara sustav tijekom razdoblja ekstremne opasnosti od požara. Kada postoji potpuna zabrana požara, zabranjeni su svi požari na otvorenom. Većina parkova oglašavat će zabranu, a vaša je odgovornost provjeriti lokalnu razinu opasnosti od požara. Novčane kazne ili čak zatvorski uvjeti primjenjuju se na loženje požara koji izmiču kontroli, a da ne spominjemo osjećaj koji imate zbog odgovornosti za imovinu, divlje životinje i štetu koju biste mogli prouzročiti.

Otrovna i opasna stvorenja

Vidi također: Štetočine

Iako je Australija dom mnogih najsmrtonosnijih vrsta insekata, gmazova i morskog života na planeti, putnik vjerojatno neće sresti bilo što od njih u urbanom okruženju, pa čak i u grmlju ta stvorenja većinom pokušavaju izbjeći ljude . Velika većina smrtnih slučajeva od uboda i uboda u Australiji posljedica je alergijskih reakcija na pčele i ose.

Neke od informacija koje se šire o opasnim divljim životinjama u Australiji otpuhuju se proporcionalno, često u šali i sami Australci. Međutim, upozoravanje na meduze i krokodile trebali biste ozbiljno shvatiti u tropskim krajevima i držati se podalje od zmija u nacionalnim parkovima i grmlju.

Ako putujete u ruralna područja, bilo bi dobro nositi osnovnu opremu za prvu pomoć, uključujući kompresijske zavoje i naučiti što raditi nakon ugriza zmije ili pauka.

Zmije

Uobičajeno je susresti zmije u urbaniziranim područjima u Australiji, ali one su česte u travnjacima, nacionalnim parkovima i ostalim grmovima. Zmije će obično pokušati staviti što veću udaljenost između sebe i vas, pa ako vidite zmiju u šetnji, jednostavno je zaobiđite ili hodajte u drugom smjeru. Slijepo hodanje po gustom grmlju i travnatim područjima nije preporučljivo jer se tamo mogu skrivati ​​zmije. Zmije se većinom boje ljudi i davno će ih nestati prije nego što ih uopće dobijete priliku vidjeti.

Nikada pokušajte pokupiti bilo koju zmiju, čak i ako vjerujete da je to neotrovna vrsta. Većina ljudi koje su zmije ugrizle pokušavale su podići zmiju ili ubiti stvorenje, ili nenamjerno nagaze na njih dok su šetale.

Australija ima neke zmije koje su smrtonosne. Stoga se prema svim zmijama odnosite s poštovanjem i hitno potražite liječničku pomoć za svaki ugriz zmije. Uzmite pribor za prvu pomoć prikladan za ugrize zmije ako idete izvan utabanih staza. Ako ste izgriženi, trebali biste imobilizirati ranu omotajući zahvaćeno područje trakama odjeće ili zavoja i odmah potražiti liječničku pomoć. Ne čistite ranu jer se ostaci otrova mogu testirati kako bi se utvrdilo koji će se otrov koristiti. Ako ste u izoliranom području, pošaljite nekoga drugog za pomoć. Otrov nekih zmija (posebno taipan) može stupiti na snagu u roku od petnaest minuta, ali ako se rana odmah imobilizira i odmorite, moguće je odgoditi širenje otrova za jedan do nekoliko sati. Polivalentni anti-otrovi dostupni su u većini bolnica koje sadrže anti-otrov za sve opasne australske zmije.

Pauci

Sydneyjev lijevak-pauk u položaju upozorenja

Iako poznati po svojim arahnidima, smrtni slučajevi od pauka u Australiji izuzetno su rijetki. Paukove je uobičajeno vidjeti u Australiji, a većina vam neće naštetiti. Nosite rukavice tijekom vrtlarenja ili rukovanja otpadom od lišća. Provjerite ili istresite odjeću, obuću itd. Koje su ostale vani prije nego što ih obučete. Ne stavljajte prste ispod kamenja ili u rupe na drvetu, gdje bi mogli biti pauci. Neki se pauci obično nalaze unutar zgrada i domova, uključujući velike i dlakave paukove Huntsman, koji su uglavnom bezopasni i smanjuju štetnike insekata poput žohara. Velike paukove mreže nanizane između drveća koje zauzimaju pauci koji tkaju vrt ili kuglu više su smetnja nego opasnost.

Međutim, neki su pauci također vrlo opasni. Najotrovniji pauk na svijetu je Sydneyjev lijevak-web-pauk, pronađena u i oko Sydneya i istočnog Novog Južnog Walesa - obično ispod kamenja i stelja. Pauk je velik bilo gdje do 5 cm, i obično je crn. Ako se nalazite u području koje je poznato po tome što imate paukove Funnel-Web, a ugrize vas pauk za kojeg vjerujete da bi mogao biti Funnel-Web, važno je da što prije dođete u bolnicu. Lijevak-web većinu svog vremena provodi pod zemljom (obično može živjeti samo 30 minuta izvan vlažne rupe) i stoga je malo vjerojatno da ćete naići na nekoga tko se šeta. Posljednji potvrđeni smrtni slučaj bio je 1979. godine.

The Crveni stražnji pauk (obično ga je lako prepoznati po crvenoj oznaci na trbuhu) uobičajeno je i nakon ugriza važno je potražiti liječničku pomoć, iako to nije tako hitno kao kod lijevka. Red Backs se obično skrivaju na tamnim mjestima i uglovima. Vrlo je neobično vidjeti ih u zatvorenom; međutim, mogu se sakriti u šupama, oko stolova i stolica na otvorenom, ispod kamenja ili drugih predmeta koji sjede na tlu.

Liječenje ujeda pauka u prvoj pomoći može se razlikovati u Australiji u usporedbi s drugim dijelovima svijeta. Uvijek potražite savjet liječnika nakon što se dogodi ugriz. Ako je moguće, trebali biste pokušati identificirati stvorenje koje vas je ugrizlo. Fotografirajte ili zarobite kako bi se odgovarajući anti-otrov mogao brzo primijeniti. Ali nemojte riskirati da vas opet ugrize.

Meduza

Putnici na sjeveru Queensland, Sjeverni teritorij, ili sjeverni zapadna Australija treba biti svjestan rizika od smrtnih uboda od Kutija meduza ako se kupa u oceanu između listopada i svibnja. Vrlo ih je teško otkriti, a mogu se naći u vrlo plitkoj vodi. Uboji ovih meduza su "mučni" i često kobni. Ocat primijenjen odmah na prianjajuće pipke smanjit će količinu ubrizganog otrova, ali bit će potrebna hitna medicinska pomoć. Sezona opasnosti razlikuje se ovisno o mjestu. Općenito se meduze nalaze u blizini obale, jer se razmnožavaju u ušću. Obično ih se ne sazna na Velikom koraljnom grebenu, a mnogi ljudi plivaju na grebenu ne poduzimajući nikakve mjere predostrožnosti. Potražite pouzdane lokalne informacije. Neki mještani na plaži mogu biti podložniji rizicima.

Irukandži su još jedna vrsta sitnih meduza (veličine nokta) koje nastanjuju vode u blizini Sjeverne Australije i okolnih indo-pacifičkih otoka. Također ih je vrlo teško vidjeti, a mogu biti i opasne, iako su uboda rijetki. Za razliku od meduza u kutiji, one se nalaze na grebenu. Početni ubod može proći nezapaženo. Raspravlja se o tome mogu li biti fatalne, ali sigurno mogu smjestiti žrtvu u bolnicu i nanijeti ekstremne bolove koji traju danima. Ako imate mučninu ili bolove koji pucaju nedugo nakon izlaska iz vode, potražite liječničku pomoć.

"Odijelo" otporno na ubode meduza košta oko 100 američkih dolara ili se može unajmiti za oko 20 američkih dolara tjedno.

Plava prstenasta hobotnica

U kamenim bazenima oko australskih obala nalazi se maleni hobotnica Plavi prsten. Obično mutne pješčano-bež boje, stvorenje ima svijetloplave krugove na koži ako mu se prijeti. Plavi prsten hobotnica je rijedak i sramežljiv. Izbjegavajte stavljati ruku ispod kamenja ili u pukotine u bazenima sa stijenama ili u blizini obale, jer se tu imaju tendenciju sakriti. Većina mještana čini isto. Ima snažni paralizirajući toksin koji može uzrokovati smrt ako se ne osigura umjetno disanje. U povijesti Australije postoje samo dvije potvrđene smrti od plavog prstena hobotnice.

Krokodili

Krokodil s slanom vodom

Putnici u sjevernom Queenslandu, sjevernom teritoriju ili sjeverozapadnoj Australiji trebali bi biti svjesni rizika od smrtnih napada slani krokodili u sjevernim vodama i uz njih (lokacije oceana, estuarina i slatkovodnih voda) između King Sounda, zapadne Australije, i Rockhamptona u Queenslandu. Krokodili s slanom vodom u tim područjima mogu doseći 25 metara duljine i mogu napadati u vodi bez upozorenja. Unatoč onome što njihovo ime implicira, mogu se naći i u slanoj i u slatkoj vodi. Na kopnu krokodili obično leže nepomično, ali imaju sposobnost kretanja izvanrednom brzinom u kratkim rafalima. Relativno je malo napada koji uzrokuju ozljede - većina napada je kobna. Opasna područja za kupanje obično će imati istaknute znakove upozorenja. U tim regijama plivajte u unutarnjim vodama samo ako vam je posebno preporučeno da su sigurne. Od 1970. svake se godine dogodi oko jedan napad krokodila na čovjeka.

Što manja slatkovodni krokodil je, za razliku od slane vode, plah i izbjeći će ljude ako je moguće. Slatkovodna voda može napasti kako bi se obranila ili svoja jaja ili ako se zaprepastila. Mogu ugroziti ugriz, ali zbog malih čeljusti i zuba to će rijetko uzrokovati smrt kod ljudi.

Opasna flora

Gympie grm (Mondroidi od dendronida), poznato i kao drvo koje pecka, biljka je koja peče, a mikroskopske dlake na listovima i granama mogu uzrokovati jake bolove i do nekoliko tjedana. Najviše ih ima u sjeveroistočnom Queenslandu, posebno na čistinama kišnih šuma. Međutim, grm Gympie i druge usko povezane vrste (ima ih oko pet) drveća mogu se naći na jugoistoku Queenslanda i dalje na jugu u istočnoj Australiji. Ljudima koji šetaju grmljem u takvim područjima savjetuje se da ne diraju biljku iz bilo kojeg razloga.

Zločin

Zločin stope u Australiji približno su usporedive s drugim zemljama prvoga svijeta: malo će putnika biti žrtva zločina. Trebali biste poduzeti uobičajene mjere opreza protiv otimanja torbi, džepova i slično. Neki gradovi imaju područja koja noću mogu biti opasna, ali ona su obično izvan turističke staze i vrlo je vjerojatno da ćete slučajno u njih zalutati.

Australska policija pristupačna je i pouzdana te biste policiji trebali što prije prijaviti napad, krađu ili drugi zločin.

U Australiji postoje dvije vrste policije; državna / teritorijalna policija i australska savezna policija (AFP). Tipično ćete komunicirati samo s državnom policijom, s tim da je AFP u velikoj mjeri posvećen vrlo specifičnim ulogama povezanim s vladom, izuzetak je Australian Capital Territory (ACT) u kojem je AFP glavna policijska snaga.

Ni pod kojim okolnostima ne biste smjeli ponuditi australskom policajcu (ili što se tiče bilo kojeg drugog državnog službenika, poput carinika) mito ili napitak, jer je to kazneno djelo i protiv njega će provoditi zakone.

Kad svoj automobil ostavljate na miru, vodite računa da je zaključan, da su prozori smotani i da u vozilu nema očitih meta za krađu, jer će lopovi često razbiti prozore da bi došli do telefona, GPS-a ili torbe koja je vidljiva u autu.

Rasizam

Australija je izvana multikulturalno i rasno tolerantno društvo i postoje snažni zakoni koji zabranjuju govor mržnje i druge oblike diskriminacije na temelju rase. Ipak, rasizam je i dalje osjetljiva tema za naciju koja se još uvijek nije u potpunosti pomirila sa svojom poviješću kolonijalne okupacije. Prisilno prisvajanje aboridžinskih zemalja zajedno s formalnom diskriminacijom, rasizmom koji je sankcionirala država, pa čak i prisilno odvajanje aboridžinske djece (poznate kao Ukradene generacije) od njihovih obitelji proširilo se i do 20. stoljeća. Postupnim promjenama tijekom prošlog stoljeća došlo je do napuštanja imigracijske politike samo za bijelce, državljanstva starosjedilaca i uspostavljanja velikih zajednica azijskog, bliskoistočnog i afričkog podrijetla.

Posjetitelji Australije na sreću vjerojatno neće naići na slučajne incidente rasnog zlostavljanja. Ako se to dogodi, možete to prijaviti policiji i očekivati ​​poduzimanje radnji. Nasilni incidenti su još rjeđi.

Riječi koje se odnose na rasnu pripadnost mogu se koristiti između prijatelja različitih etničkih skupina, ali jesu toplo vam se savjetuje da ih ne isprobavate sami. Mogli biste čuti kako se koriste Pom (Britanci), Yank (Amerikanac), Paki (Indijski potkontinent) i Wog (Južne Europe ili Bliskog Istoka). Britanci bi neke od ovih izraza posebno smatrali posebno rasističnima, ali u Australiji se koriste puno ležernije. Aboridžine nikada ne nazivajte "Abos" - jer se to smatra rasističkim pojmom.

U australskom društvu djeluju antiimigracijske i anti-multikulturne skupine, koje uglavnom agitiraju protiv imigracije ljudi iz muslimanskih i afričkih zemalja. Kao posjetitelj vjerojatno nećete stupiti u kontakt s njima, iako ako je kasno u noć u pubu i počnete poticati ljude na njihove rasne stavove, tada su sve oklade isključene - budite spremni na bilo što. Melbourne je nedavno doživio neki nasilni zločin nad mladima afričkog podrijetla, što je zauzvrat uvelike pretjerano od strane mnogih lokalnih medija i mnogih političara, potaknuvši rasističke osjećaje.

Nije uvredljivo koristiti Aussie (Ozzie) kako bi opisao Australce, ali to nije izraz koji Australci obično koriste za samoidentifikaciju. Vjerojatnije je da će to primijeniti na stvari (Aussiejeva pravila, itd.) Nego na sebe. Kad se pojanje Aussie, Aussie, Aussie - Oi Oi Oi popne na međunarodnom sportskom događaju, neki će se Australci naježiti, a drugi će se pridružiti. Često to ovisi o njihovoj vlastitoj percepciji društvenog položaja, stanju opijenosti ili oboje .

Prijevare

Pokušaji prevara turisti nisu zastupljeni u Australiji; poduzmite uobičajene mjere predostrožnosti, poput saznanja malo o vašem odredištu. Rijetki su slučajevi kriminala koji su miješali bankomate tako da se novac zaglavi u njima ili tako da bilježe podatke o kartici za lopove. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN.

ATM Skimming is rare and easily avoided by using ATMs from trusted banks (ANZ, Commonwealth, Westpac, Nab), or ATMs located inside a bank "gallery" which are generally open 24/7 but are more secure than an outdoor ATM.

Illegal drugs

Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana and hashish among other drugs are all illegal to possess and to sell in all states of Australia. Trafficking offences carry a long jail term, and in serious cases can even lead to life imprisonment. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty.

Penalties for possession or sale of small amounts of marijuana are typically lower than for other drugs, and vary between states. In South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory jail terms do not apply to first time marijuana offences. Some states can issue on-the-spot fines for small amounts of marijuana whereas others always require a court appearance. Foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Driving while under the influence of drugs is a serious offence, and doing so will invariably lead to arrest and prosecution, and in serious cases even a jail sentence.

Do not under any circumstances attempt to bring illicit drugs into Australia, including marijuana; this is strictly illegal and punishable with long jail terms of up to life in prison, and customs officers often employ dogs to sniff drugs out of arriving passengers' luggage. Dogs can even tell that you smoked marijuana from the day before you flew to Australia, so you may be held back for some long questioning.

Australia's proximity to Azija means that heroin is a far more commonly used illicit drug than cocaine or crack cocaine. In some areas of large cities you will need to be careful of discarded needles: however these will generally be found in back streets rather than in popular tourist spots.

Vatreno oružje

Firearm ownership is rare in Australia, with strict licensing requirements resulting in gun ownership being typically limited to hunters and farmers in rural areas, as well as sport shooters. Criminal gangs do carry illegal firearms in urban areas, although it is unlikely that travellers will run into them.

It is very difficult to bring firearms into Australia, with a Police permit required for each federal state to be visited prije arrival.

Gay and lesbian travellers

Australia has an equal age of consent set at 16 for all states except Tasmania and South Australia where the age is 17. Same sex marriage is legal in Australia, having been passed into law in December 2017 after the nation strongly voted for it (with 61% choosing change) in a national postal survey.

Attitudes to homosexuality are similar to those found in most western countries. Although inner Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, caution is still advisable in conservative rural areas, including rural parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australia has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and legal recourse may be available should you experience discrimination. Police assistance may be difficult to obtain in remote and rural areas for discrimination.

Sydney is Australia's gay capital, and hosts one of the world's most famous gay pride festivals - the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras - annually during February and March. The festival culminates in a huge parade through central Sydney which attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators. Alice Springs celebrates the "Alice Is Wonderland Festival", a gay and lesbian pride festival in late April/early May. Melbourne has a "Pride March" every year on the first Sunday of February.

Stay healthy

Koža

"Sunbaker" from 1937 is one of the most widely recognised of all Australian photographs.

Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in opekline od sunca, and Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day, even in shaded outdoor areas. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 30 ), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun.

Re-apply sunscreen every 2–3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology online.

Spray On Sunscreen from an aerosol bottle have increased in popularity because of their ease of use, however the effectiveness is far more limited than cream and people have experienced severe sunburns after using.

If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You generally can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed.

Food preparation

Australia has high hygiene standards, with restaurants required to observe strict food preparation standards. Trovanje hranom rates are comparable to other first world nations.

Voda

The tap water in urban Australia is almost always safe to drink, and it will be marked on the tap if this is not the case. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Some cities such as Adelaide rely on ground water supplies that have an unpleasant taste, but are by no means unsafe. Many households use water purifier jugs. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. Remoter areas in the outback may not have treated drinking water on tap. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. If driving long distances on infrequently trafficked roads it is essential to carry drinking water. This is absolutely necessary in hotter areas and on dirt roads or tracks. It is rare that someone does not die of thirst in outback Australia in any year. It is recommended that in event of a breakdown you stay with the car for shade and to increase your chances of being found. Before long distance touring seek specific advice on calculating how much water to carry for the proposed journey and allowing for breakdowns.

Cijepljenja

Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of yellow fever vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia.

Komarci

Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever. Malaria is not present in Australia.

Medicinska pomoć

Royal Flying Doctor Service aircraft

As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend.

Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses.

Australia's population density is low; parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Many of these areas are served by the Kraljevska leteća liječnička služba. Small towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment. Larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In some cases you may need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for specialist treatment.

Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent.

• Poisons Information Hotline, ☏13 11 26 (in country only). Give free advice if any medication or poisons are taken inadvertently. They will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. However, if you think you are in any immediate danger, call '000' for an ambulance. 

Medical costs and travel insurance

Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in Australia can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Foreigners working or studying in Australia and without a reciprocal agreement are generally required to take up private health insurance as part of their visa conditions. Foreigners on a short visit will want to make sure their travel insurance is in order, as medical costs can be expensive for those not entitled to Medicare benefits. Medicare does not cover private hospitals or dental care, so you will need to obtain private health insurance to pay for these.

Travellers from Belgija, Finska, Irska, Italija, Malta, Nizozemska, Novi Zeland, Norveška, Slovenija, Švedska i Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement with your country. For example, Irish people and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programmes cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met by yourself or with putno osiguranje.

If you are not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal agreement country then travel insurance is highly recommended.You can expect to pay around $80 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so. You can pay up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and possibly several thousand dollars if you are. Rescue and Royal Flying Doctor Services are provided for free, but evacuation or ambulance services can cost many thousands of dollars from a country town to a capital city, or from an island to the mainland.

Even if you are an Australian citizen, ambulance and evacuation services are not provided free of charge. If an air-ambulance is required this can still cost thousands of dollars. Most health-insurance companies sell ambulance only cover valid Australia-wide. Ambulance membership programs may only cover you in your own state - check before travelling interstate. Domestic travel insurance does not usually cover medical or ambulance expenses. Medicare cover does not include ambulance costs (at least several hundred dollars) in the event of an emergency; only private insurance with ambulance cover will pay for this.

Snake and spider bite anti-venom is very expensive. The cost can be well over $10,000 even if you don't need a stay in hospital.

Spojiti

Internet

Australia offers many Internet access options for travellers:

Internet cafés are available in most tourist areas and normally cost $4–5 per hour. However, many internet cafés have 12-20 computers sharing a single broadband connection, sometimes making the internet painfully slow. If possible, ask if you can check the speed of a café's connection before forking out $4–5 for an hour.

Public libraries usually offer some form of Internet access to travellers, either free or for a small fee. Some prohibit access to email, promoting research use of their facilities. Others offer Wi-Fi and terminals, with Wi-Fi usually being free of restrictions.

Major hotels offer Internet access, usually for an exorbitant fee. Most youth hostels and backpacker accommodation have at least an Internet terminal at reception. Some other accommodation providers offer Wi-Fi to their guests, almost always with a charge. It is still common to find motels and other smaller hotels without any Internet offering to customers.

• Puno coffee shops offer Wi-Fi free to their customers.
• McDonald's has free Wi-Fi in just about all their stores.
• Internode has free Wi-Fi hotspots, including much of Adelaide city centre.
• Telstra has partnered with Fon to create an extensive network of WiFi hotspots around Australia that utilise Telstra telephone boxes and Telstra broadband customers to create hotspots that go by the name Telstra Air with the slogan 'Australia's largest WiFi Network'. Look for a distinctive white WiFi logo on solid pink and the words 'Telstra Air' to indicate major hotspots. The networks appear in WiFi lists as 'Telstra Air' or 'Fon WiFi'. Expect good coverage in city centre areas although it may require some searching to locate a hot spot outside of CBD areas. Hot spot maps are available on the Telstra and Fon websites.

• Access can be purchased for $6.60 for 1 hour, $10 for 1 day or $23 for 5 days.

In major urban centres, you'll find free Wi-Fi in shopping malls and other large shops and increasingly on public transport: Sydney's ferries offer free Wi-Fi as do Adelaide's trams.

3G/4G wireless

There are three mobile networks in Australia. All of them provide 3G/UMTS and 4G/LTE mobile data services.

As the data is carried over the mobile network, the advice about frequencies, obtaining SIMs and using a foreign device in the Mobile Cellular Phones section applies.

If you intend to use your phone with your home carrier, check with them for data roaming fees (likely quite expensive). If your handset isn't locked, it may be much cheaper to buy a local SIM.

Several carriers offer prepaid mobile data access with no contract from around $20-30 per month with various bundles and inclusions. For around $50 you can get a USB modem or Wi-Fi dongle. There are thousands of plans available through hundreds of resellers. Using an internet comparison site will direct you to the best deals.

Radio i televizija

Australia has 2 national public broadcasters, the ABC i SBS. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (or ABC) broadcasts Local Radio, Triple J (Youth/Indie music) and ABC Classic on AM/FM Radio as well as 4 TV channels. The Special Broadcasting Service (or SBS) broadcasts more ethnic, bilingual and cultural content on 2 TV channels and 2 analogue radio stations. Both broadcasters are available in most populous areas but the ABC has a greater radio coverage.

There are 3 free-to-air commercial TV networks, namely Sedam, Devet i Ten; all or most are available in a majority of areas. In regional areas, affiliates such as WIN, Imparja, Prime will carry feeds from major networks along with some local programming.

You should expect to receive and watch all these channels in almost all accommodation in towns and cities across Australia.

On Pay TV operator is also available called Foxtel - transmitted by Cable, Satellite, and Internet. Some hotels will advertise free Foxtel, which means you should also be able to view the main international news channels and lots of light entertainment reruns. They may also subscribe to a range of sports and movies, but you should check first.

The bigger the city, the more radio stations you'll find. Country towns will often just have one commercial radio station and the ABC. If you're driving the distances between country towns, you can often lose all radio coverage. Download some music or podcasts for the trip before you leave. It's advisable to stay tuned to the ABC if travelling during emergencies or high bushfire risk periods.

DAB Digital Radio is available in capital cities, but receivers aren't installed in cars or most accommodation. If you have a digital radio, you'll get a handful of extra music channels.

Novine

The main national broadsheet newspaper is Australac, sa The Australian Financial Review focussing on financial and business news. There are also other newspapers that are published locally within their respective states, the most notable ones being Sydney Morning Herald i Daily Telegraph, both based in Sydney, and Dob i Glasnik Sunce, both based in Melbourne.

Telephone

A typical Telstra payphone booth

Calling overseas from Australia

The main international access code or prefix is 0011. (When using a mobile phone the plus symbol " " can be used instead of the 0011 prefix.)

Pozivni brojevi

The country code for international calls to Australia is 61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code.

For example, the local number for the Slomljeno brdo tourist information is 8080-3300. The area code is 08 as Broken Hill is in the Central & West area code region. To dial the number from Adelaide or anywhere else inside the same area code region you can optionally omit the area code, and just dial 8080-3300. To dial the number from Sydney or anywhere in Australia outside the area code region, you will need to dial 08 8080-3300. If you don't know your area code region, you can still dial the area code, and it will still work. To dial the number from overseas you will need to dial your local international access code (00 for most of Europa or 011 in the SAD i Kanada) and then dial 61 8 8080-3300, that is drop the leading '0' from the area code.

Australian area code list:

• 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria)
• 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania)
• 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply).
• 07 = North East (Queensland)
• 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far Western New South Wales)

Local calls are about $0.25 on most fixed lines and $0.50 on all Telstra Pay Phones.

• If calling an Australian number from a mobile phone outside Australia it is best to use the format 61880803300 with no prostorima and no (0) prefixes included.
• If making an international call from your mobile phone from within Australia use the ' ' followed by the country code, followed by destination pozivni broj, nakon čega slijedi local number at the destination. Omit all leading '0' prefixes and do not include any prostorima.
• If dialling from a mobile telephone in Australia it is not necessary to use an international dialling prefix (such as 0011). The ' ' symbol followed by the destination country code is all that is needed to access the international telephone system from your handset.

Posebni brojevi

• Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example, 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling these numbers internationally can be problematic.
• Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed phone, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers.
• Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with vrlo hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling).
• Numbers commencing with 12 are carrier services, and are dependent on what network you are connected to. Na primjer, 12 456 is a general information number for Telstra. Vodafone offer a similar services on 123. These numbers can be premium services as well.

Calling special numbers internationally can often work - just try dialling the number prefixed with the 61 country code. Many locations will give an alternative direct number for use in international dialling.

Making reverse charge (collect) calls is very expensive and can be problematic. You can use 12550 from a Telstra public phone, or 1800 NO CASH from any phone. But you have to be calling a number that will accept the charges (usually a landline or mobile on a mainstream telco).

Mobile cellular phones

Australia has cellular networks operated by Telstra, Optus i Vodafone, and each of the networks have several resellers with different price plans. All three operate UMTS/HSPA (3G) and LTE (4G) networks.

There are no restrictions on overseas residents obtaining Australian prepaid SIM cards, although you may require some form of photo ID such as your passport for identification.

2G-only and CDMA phones (phones without a SIM card) will not work in Australia. svi 2G networks in Australia have been shut down.

Telstra and Vodafone have 3G HSPA services on 850/2100 MHz, and Optus on 900/2100 MHz. These are still the greatest geographical range of service. 4G LTE is widely available most centres on all carriers. Support for 4G band 28 (700 MHz) on newer phones is necessary to get good 4G coverage outside of major centres and better coverage in them.

With foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's 3G (UMTS/W-CDMA) and 4G networks, depending on agreements between operators. Check with your home operator before you leave.

All major cities and their suburbs have decent coverage on all three networks, as do most significant country towns and inter-capital links. Telstra's 850 MHz 3G network provides the best rural coverage (though it is also the most expensive), but unpopulated or sparsely populated areas away from major roads are unlikely to have service at all. If you are heading way out into the bush then a satellite phone may be your only option. Remember all mobile phones can be used for emergency calls on all networks, even if they don't have a local SIM or aren't roaming. This applies to satellite phones too.

A cheap prepaid mobile phone with a SIM retails for around $40 in most Australian retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices; a SIM alone for an existing phone is around $2–3. Prepaid credit is added using recharge cards available at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets.

You can buy a seemly infinite variety of packages, SIM cards, and phone bundles, with varied combinations of data, SMS and call time. Some carriers make calculating included calls difficult, by giving you a dollar "value" that is included in your package, and you then need to find the call, sms and data rates to calculate what is included. These rates can differ from plan to plan. Make sure the plan you choose includes what you need, because using data or making calls outside of the package allowance is often orders of magnitude more expensive.

Satellite phones

If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, can be hired for around $80 per week.

These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish.

Satellite phones can be used to make emergency calls without a SIM card or subscription plan. The cheapest cost around $300, or just a little more than a PLB.

Public phones

Most towns and suburbs have at least one public phone. Most railway stations will have a public phone. Text messages can be sent from many public phones, using the keypad in much the same way as an old-style mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display.

Objavi

Express (yellow) and normal (red) Australia Post street posting boxes

Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter costs $1 within Australia (up to 250g), $1.85 for Asia/Pacific (up to 20g) and $2.75 for the rest of the world (up to 20g). 'Domestic' and 'international' stamps are different, as international is tax free, therefore, so make sure you use the right stamp. Parcels, express post and other services are also available.

Addresses in Australia are generally formatted in the following way, which is similar to addresses in the United States and Canada

Name of recipient
(If needed) Unit number or building name
House number and street name
City or town, two or three-letter state abbreviation, postcode

You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. Mail should be addressed to your full name c/o Post Restante, and you simply call into the post office with ID to receive your mail.