Sorte engleskog jezika - English language varieties

Engleski je u mnogim mjestima glavni jezik, u drugima važan, a u većini ostatka svijeta govori se kao drugi jezik. Međutim, postoje neke značajne razlike u izgovoru, pravopisu i upotrebi riječi širom svijeta. Ovaj članak želi pružiti popis nekih od ovih razlika koje bi mogle biti korisne putnicima.

Zemlje u svijetu u kojima je engleski većinski maternji jezik (plavi) ili službeni manjinski jezik (tirkiz)

Engleski jezik ima mnogo varijacija širom svijeta, pa čak i unutar iste zemlje. Pokušali smo pokriti glavne razlike s kojima će se putnici redovito susretati prilikom donošenja praktičnih aranžmana i pojmove koji će vjerojatno uzrokovati zabunu u tipičnim razgovorima. Budući da je ovo tema koja bi lako mogla narasti na stotine stranica, suradnici se trebaju raspraviti o dodacima na stranici za razgovor prije uvođenja promjena.

Kip engleskog nacionalnog barda Williama Shakespearea u njujorškom Central Parku

Najjasnija je razlika između onoga što se slobodno može nazvati britanski (ili "Commonwealth", u ovom vodiču skraćeno "UK") i američki (skraćeno "SAD" u ovom vodiču) sorte engleskog.

• Mnoge bivše britanske kolonije (nisu sve članice Commonwealtha) uglavnom slijede britansku nego američku upotrebu: Irska, Australija, Novi Zeland, Južna Afrika i drugi bivši britanski posjedi u Africi, Hong Kongu, Singapuru, Indiji, Pakistanu, Bangladešu, Maleziji, te sadašnji i bivši britanski posjedi na Karibima i Oceaniji.
• Nekoliko područja su pod snažnim utjecajem SAD-a i općenito prate američku upotrebu, uključujući Filipine, Liberiju, Izrael, Tajvan, Japan, Južnu Koreju, Vijetnam, arapske države Zaljeva, dijelove Latinske Amerike te sadašnje i bivše američke posjede u Karibi i Oceanija.
• Europska unija propisala je britanski engleski jezik (ne doslovno "britanski", već raznolikost engleskog jezika koji se koristi na Cipru, Irskoj, Malti i u Velikoj Britaniji) kao službeni jezik EU-a, a to je općenito standardni britanski engleski jezik koji se uči kao strani jezik u europskim školama, iako je američki kulturni utjecaj jak i u Europi. Neki su američki pojmovi možda poznatiji od britanskih kolega (npr. "Kamion" nasuprot "teretnom vozilu" ili "pomfrit" nasuprot "čipsu"), a neke škole jezika u Europi regrutiraju američke i kanadske Učitelji engleskog jezika. Općenito, postoji trend prelaska s britanskog pravopisa i izgovora na američki pravopis i izgovor, posebno među mladima, što je potaknuto u nemalom dijelu sve većom dostupnošću američkih medija u izvornoj verziji.
• Govornici engleskog jezika bez britanske pozadine i ljudi u područjima bez povijesti izravnog kolonijalnog ili vojnog utjecaja nacija engleskog govornog područja često su poznatiji u američkoj upotrebi zbog popularnosti američkih filmova, TV serija, glazbe i provjere pravopisa. Konkretno, zbog globalne ekonomske i vojne dominacije SAD-a, izvan Commonwealtha i Europske unije, obično se američki engleski jezik uči kao strani jezik u školama.
• Kanada uglavnom slijedi britanske pravopisne konvencije ("laburisti", a ne "laburisti"), ali uglavnom slijedi američki izbor rječnika ("dizalo", a ne "lift") i izgovor. Najčešći kanadski naglasak vrlo je blizu srednjozapadnom američkom naglasku.
• Zbog svjetske popularnosti holivudskih filmova i američke pop kulture, govornici britanskog engleskog jezika vjerojatnije će razumjeti pojmove američkog engleskog nego obrnuto.
• Međunarodne organizacije čiji su članovi i SAD i Velika Britanija (poput Ujedinjenih naroda) obično slijede britansku upotrebu kao omaž "starijoj" vrsti engleskog jezika.

Neke iznimke od čisto dihotomnog tretmana engleskog zabilježene su u komentarima u donjim tablicama, ali ovaj vodič trebao bi biti praktična pomoć putnicima, a ne iscrpan sažetak engleske upotrebe.

Pravopis

Ovisno o različitosti engleskog jezika, ovo je ili "sivi kamion" ili "sivi kamion".

Noah Webster, sastavljač prvog velikog rječnika američkog engleskog jezika početkom 19. stoljeća, napravio je niz pojednostavljenja u pravopisu. Neke od njih su sada standardne za američke engleske sorte, ali se uglavnom ne koriste u drugima.

Pogledajte Wikivoyage: Pravopis za raspravu o tome koje varijante koristiti u člancima.

Britanski engleski udvostručuje konačni suglasnik u nekim riječima kada dodaje završetak, na primjer u "putnik". Američki engleski to obično piše "putnik".

Američki engleski ispada "U" u "-naše"završeci:

Međutim, riječ "glamur" uvijek se piše s "U".

Riječi posuđene iz francuskog zadržavaju francuski "-ponovno"završava na britanskom engleskom, ali promijenite se u fonetski"-er"na američkom engleskom:

Britanski engleski mijenja "C" u "S" kako bi se imenica razlikovala od glagola. James Bond ima "licencuce "ubiti, i bio je" licencased "nakon što se kvalificira za špijuna. Američki obrazac uvijek koristi" S "u većini takvih parova, ali uvijek ima" C "u" praksi ". U nekoliko slučajeva, poput" savjet "/" savjetovanje ", razlika je zadržana u svim vrstama engleskog jezika.

Američki engleski koristi "S" u nekim riječima, dok britanski engleski koristi "C".

Oblici pridjeva, "obrambeni" i "uvredljivi", uvijek se pišu sa "S".

Neke sorte engleskog jezika mijenjaju "S" u "Z" u nekim "-iz"i"-da"završeci. Američki engleski to čini univerzalno, dok se britanski pravopis odabire ovisno o rječniku; Rječnik engleskog jezika Oxford preporučuje upotrebu Z, dok se većina ostalih rječnika odlučuje za S:

Kanadski engleski jezik općenito slijedi britanske pravopisne konvencije za gore spomenute slučajeve.

U nekim riječima s grčkim ili latinskim korijenima, uglavnom medicinskim i znanstvenim terminima, britanski engleski jezik zadržava "ae"i"oe"(ovih dana rijetko se piše kao ligature"æ"i"œ"budući da se one ne pojavljuju na engleskim tipkovnicama), dok američki engleski obično pojednostavljuje oboje samo na"e".

Američki engleski ispušta tiho "-ue"slova iz nekih riječi s"-gaga"završava:

Pri dodavanju sufiksa za neke riječi koje završavaju tihim "E", američki engleski ponekad ispušta "E", dok britanski engleski zadržava "E":

Neke riječi, poput "kupanje" i "upotrebljivo", svugdje ispuštaju "E", dok neke druge, poput "bojenje" i "promjenjivo", svugdje zadržavaju "E".

Neke riječi imaju nijema slova u američkom engleskom jeziku ili se jednostavno pišu drugačije:

A nekoliko riječi se i izgovara i piše drugačije:

Kanadska se upotreba obično miješa u posljednje dvije kategorije, s tim da se britanski pravopis slijedi za riječi kao što su "provjeri", "kat", "upit", a ponekad i "program", ali američki pravopis slijedi za riječi poput "aluminij" i "guma".

Inače, uporaba interpunkcije također se malo razlikuje, ali ne slijedi istu podjelu između britanskog i američkog engleskog jezika. Citati su označeni dvostrukim navodnicima (“…”) u SAD-u, Kanadi, Australiji i Novom Zelandu, dok jednostruke navodnike (‘…’) koriste se u Velikoj Britaniji i Južnoj Africi.

Gramatika

Postoje neke manje razlike u gramatici i upotrebi, što može biti zanimljivo ako studirate ili predavanje engleskog jezika; međutim, oni gotovo nikada nisu razlog za zabunu.

Glagolski oblici

Neki glagoli imaju različite oblike u različitim varijantama engleskog jezika.

Za prošle oblike nekih glagola stariji nepravilni pravopisi češći su u britanskom engleskom, ali redoviti "-ed"oblici prevladavaju u američkom engleskom jeziku. Glagoli" dive "i" sneak ", međutim, imaju suprotan obrazac.

Neki glagoli zadržavaju stariji oblik u svim dijalektima, na primjer "spavao" i "plakao".

Oblik prošloga participa "gotten" i dalje je uobičajen u američkom engleskom, ali u britanskom engleskom gotovo je u potpunosti nestao; particip je samo "dobio".

Izgovor

Povijesni U.S. Put 66. "Ruta" se obično rimuje sa "pucaj", ali u Sjevernoj Americi može se rimuje i s "vikati".

Obrazovani ljudi s gotovo bilo kojeg mjesta u engleskom govornom području mogu bez poteškoća razgovarati. Razmislite o međunarodnoj posadi na naftnoj platformi. Inženjeri i menadžeri gotovo bi sigurno mogli razgovarati jedni s drugima bez stvarnih problema, bilo da su studirali u Edinburghu ili Edmontonu. Međutim, dvojica radnika iz istih dviju zemalja - recimo radnička klasa Glasgow i ribarsko selo Newfoundland - bilo bi vrlo vjerojatno da će im komunikacija biti malo otežana zbog jačih regionalnih naglasaka i upotrebe dijalektičkih riječi.

Važna je razlika u engleskim dijalektima je li se "R" izgovara nakon samoglasnika. Riječi poput "fork "," word "ili" mother"razlikuju se u dvije vrste, iako svi izgovaraju" R "u drugim kontekstima, na primjer u" zec "ili" područje ". Lingvisti dijalekte nazivaju" R " rtičan i oni bez nerotičan.

• Dijalekti s "R": Neki dijelovi zapadne i sjeverne Engleske, Škotske, Irske, neki dijelovi južnog Novog Zelanda, Filipini, Kanada, veći dio SAD-a
• Dijalekti bez "R": Većina Engleske, Walesa, Australije, veći dio Novog Zelanda, Južne Afrike, Indije, Pakistana, Malezije, Singapura, dijelovi Nove Engleske, dijelovi juga SAD-a, neki naglasci na području New Yorka i Afroamerički narodni engleski (koji mnogi Afroamerikanci koriste naizmjenično sa standardnim dijalektom svoje regije).

Ljudi koji nisu upoznati s drugim dijalektima, osim s njihovim vlastitim, ponekad grupiraju sve dijalekte bez slova "R", kao kad Amerikanac za Britance uzima novozelandski naglasak, a drugi čine suprotnu pogrešku, poput Engleskinje koja kanadski naglasak uzima za američku.

Druga primjetna razlika je zvuk "A" u riječima kao što su "kupka", "smijeh", "trava" i "šansa"; mnogi ih dijalekti izgovaraju s "kratkim A" kao u "zamci", ali južna Engleska, Južna Afrika, Novi Zeland, neki dijelovi Bostona i neki dijelovi Australije izgovaraju ih s "dugim A" ili "širokim A" kao u "dlan".

Neke se riječi izgovaraju vrlo različito:

Ponekad se dva mjesta čija imena dijele isti pravopis mogu izgovoriti prilično različito. Primjerice, selo Berkeley u Engleska izgovara se KORA-zavjetrina ali grad Berkeley u Kalifornija izgovara se BURK-zavjetrina. Birmingham u Engleskoj se izgovara tihim H i nenaglašenim završetkom (BUR-ming-um), dok Birmingham, Alabama ima izražen H i naglašeni završetak (BUR-ming-HAM). Izgovara se "Houston" HOO-omamljivanje ako je to vani selo Glasgowu, KAKO omamiti ako je to ulica u New York City, i HYOO-omamljivanje ako je to grad u Teksas. Suprotno tome, dva mjesta s prilično različitim pravopisima ponekad mogu dijeliti isti izgovor. Na primjer, američki izgovor Oakland i novozelandski izgovor za Auckland su toliko slični da se dogodio incident u kojem je putnik zrakoplovne tvrtke završio na pogrešnoj strani Tihog oceana.

Rječnik

Svi dijalekti engleskog jezika uključuju riječi posuđene iz drugih jezika, a mnogi od njih kao što su "bungalov" (hindski), "kanu" (Carib) ili "tajfun" (kineski) sada su standardni u svim dijalektima. Međutim, mnogi dijalekti uključuju i posuđenice koje su nestandardne. Kanađani koriste više izraza francuskog podrijetla od ostalih dijalekata i vjerojatnije su da će ih izgovarati onako kako govore francuski, Novozelanđani povremeno miješaju izraze Māori u svoj engleski, indijski engleski ima riječi na hindskom ili urdu jeziku, i tako dalje.

Govornici engleskog jezika koji nisu izvorni mogu povremeno koristiti lažni prijatelji, riječi koje imaju smisla u svom drugom jeziku, ali imaju drugačije značenje na engleskom; jedan je primjer taj francuski biblioteka znači knjižara, a ne knjižnica. Čest je i obrnuti slučaj posuđenica koje se koriste u značenju bližem jeziku podrijetla. U nekim slučajevima, posebno kada se koriste pseudo-engleske riječi poput "Handy" (njemački za mobitel), može doći do zabune.

Uđite / okolo

Automobilom

Iz povijesnih razloga, automobili i ceste razvili su puno različitih terminologija između američkog i britanskog engleskog jezika.

Za izraze koji se odnose na motorna vozila, kanadski engleski široko koristi američku terminologiju i pravopis, jer su kanadska i američka autoindustrija uvijek bile usko povezane.

Ovaj Toyota Hilux pickup / bakkie / ute / kamion ima 3.0L turbo-dizelski motor ispod haube / poklopca motora.

• kružni tok: Izraz "kružni tok" svugdje je standardan, ali Massachusetts koristi "rotacijski". Država New York razlikuje kružne tokove od "prometnih krugova", koji su obično veće veličine i gdje se prometna pravila koja se odnose na prednost prolaska itd., Ponešto razlikuju.
• servisna stanica:
  • SAD - benzinska crpka priključena na garažu za popravak
  • UK - područje usluge autoceste, servisni centar ili odmorište
  • Australija - benzinska stanica ili "servo" je bilo koja benzinska pumpa.
• kamion: Američki "kamion" može se odnositi na nekoliko različitih vozila:
  • Kamionet
  • SUV (sportsko terensko vozilo), drugdje poznat kao "terensko vozilo", "4x4" / "četiri po četiri" ili pod markama poput "Jeep" ili "Land Rover"; ponekad se prodaje na tržištu kao "crossover" za laka vozila bez terenskih mogućnosti
  • Teško vozilo za kretanje tereta (uključuje zglobne poluprikolice [UK: "teretni automobil"] i sanduke / ravne kamione) ili specijalizirane poslove (vatrogasna vozila, šlep službe, kamioni za smeće itd.)

U ležernom razgovoru vjerojatnije je da se "kamion" odnosi na kamionet, ali bi se mogao odnositi i na SUV.

• autocesta, autocesta itd.:
  • Tehnički izraz za ovu vrstu ceste je a autocesta s kontroliranim pristupom, premda se to rijetko upotrebljava u svakodnevnom govoru.
  • SAD - Može se nazvati "autocestom", "autocestom" ili "brzom cestom". Iako između pojmova mogu postojati tehničke pravne razlike, ovisno o državi, oni su u velikoj mjeri sinonimi u svakodnevnom govoru. "Interstate" je naziv određenog američkog sustava autocesta, a ne općeniti izraz za bilo koju autocestu ili numeriranu cestu. "Turnpike" je pomalo staromodni izraz koji se još uvijek koristi u nekim državama da bi se posebno odnosio na brze ceste na kojima se naplaćuje cestarina, iako ćete povremeno vidjeti i riječ (i njen skraćeni oblik "štuka") fosiliziranu u pravim imenima običnih ceste koje su nekada putnicima naplaćivale danak.
  • Velika Britanija - Poznat kao "autocesta". Neke određene autoceste u svom nazivu koriste izraz "brza cesta", na pr. Autocesta M6 s naplatom Midland. "Autocesta" se odnosi na sve ceste u javnom vlasništvu bilo koje veličine.
  • Australija - "Autocesta" prevladava u Novom Južnom Walesu i Queenslandu, dok je "autocesta" prevladavajući izraz svugdje drugdje. "Autocesta" se koristi i u Južnoj Australiji.
  • Kanada - Poznato kao "autocesta" ili "brza cesta". "Autoroute" koristi se u Quebecu (na engleskom i francuskom).
  • Novi Zeland - koriste se i "brza cesta" i "autocesta".
  • Singapur, Hong Kong - Poznat kao "brza cesta".
  • Malezija - Na engleskom se može nazvati "autocestom" ili "brzom cestom". Na putokazima se koristi malajski izraz "lebuhraya".
  • Izvan Sjeverne Amerike izraz "autocesta" često se koristi za označavanje bilo koje velike zatvorene javne ceste.

Vidjeti i učiniti

Za sport, Međunarodni olimpijski odbor i većina međunarodnih sportskih federacija slijede britansku upotrebu.

Najpopularniji sport na svijetu: "nogometni savez", "nogomet" ili "nogomet".

• nogomet odnosi se na najčešće igre u toj zemlji.
  • U Velikoj Britaniji to bi bilo fudbalsko udruženje. Iako je "nogomet" izvorno bila oksfordska riječ nastala od udruživanje nogomet, slično kao što je nastao "rugger" ragbi nogomet, većina Britanaca danas inzistira da je "nogomet" istinsko ime za ovaj sport.
  • U Australiji se upotreba razlikuje ovisno o regiji; "nogomet" ili žargonski izraz "footy" odnosi se na ragbi liga u državama Novi Južni Wales i Queensland, ali se odnosi na Australski vlada nogometom bilo gdje.
  • U SAD-u Američki nogomet misli se kad se misli na "nogomet" nekvalificirano. Druge će ga države možda bolje znati kao "gridiron football", od kojih je američki nogomet jedna vrsta; u Sjevernoj Americi, "gridiron" se odnosi na samo polje.
  • U Kanadi se "nogomet" odnosi ili na kanadsku ili na američku vrstu gridiron nogometa (međusobno vrlo slične).
  • U Irskoj se "nogomet" može odnositi na nogometni savez, galski nogomet ili ponekad ragbi savez. Nacionalni mediji obično izbjegavaju zabunu tako što sami ne koriste "nogomet" za pozivanje na bilo koji sport, odnosno koriste "nogomet", "galski nogomet" i "ragbi" za spomenuta tri sporta.
  • Na Novom Zelandu se povijesno nazivao "nogomet" ragbi savez, ali od 2005. to se dramatično promijenilo, s tim da se "nogomet" sada odnosi gotovo isključivo na nogometni savez.
  • U Južnoj Africi, "nogomet" bi se najčešće odnosio na nogometni savez. Međutim, riječ se rijetko koristi izvan službenog konteksta (kao što je naziv nacionalnog upravljačkog tijela za taj sport, Južnoafrički nogometni savez). Sve kulturne skupine u zemlji, govoreći engleski, taj sport nazivaju "nogometom"; to se odražava u korištenju nacionalnih medija.
  • U Singapuru i Maleziji, "nogomet" se odnosi na nogomet, iako se pojam "nogomet" također široko koristi i razumije.
• Nekvalificirana riječ ragbi obično se odnosi na ragbi savez, ali se odnosi na ragbi ligu na sjeveru Engleska.
  • Iako se "nogomet" odnosi na ragbi ligu u australskim državama Queensland i Novi Južni Wales, riječ "ragbi" uvijek se odnosi na ragbi savez u cijeloj Australiji.
• Pri opisivanju utakmica između dvije momčadi, domaća momčad obično se navodi prva u Velikoj Britaniji (npr. "Manchester United vs Liverpool" znači Manchester United koji ugošćuje Liverpool), dok se u SAD-u obično navodi druga (npr. "LA Lakers vs (ili" @ ") Chicago Bulls" znači LA Lakers koji posjećuju Chicago Bullse).
• Biljar je ponekad generički pojam za sve sportove koji se igraju s bilijarskim loptama i palicama, ali češće se odnosi na određene igre ili skupine igara.
  • U Velikoj Britaniji i Australiji "biljar" se obično odnosi na engleski biljar.
  • U SAD-u i Kanadi, "biljar" se obično odnosi na bazen.
  • Kugle za bilijar podijeljeni su na "mrlje i pruge" u Velikoj Britaniji, "krutine i pruge" u SAD-u i "male i velike" u Australiji.
• Kuglanje, bez daljnjih kvalifikacija, obično se odnosi na unutarnje kuglanje s deset igara u svijetu, ali u Velikoj Britaniji i nekim zemljama Commonwealtha može se odnositi i na zdjele za travnjake.
• Strateška igra na ploči tzv Ići na japanskom jeziku takav je poznat većini govornika engleskog jezika širom svijeta, ali poznat je pod kineskim imenom "weiqi" u Singapuru i Maleziji.

Kupiti

• ATM, which stands for "automated teller machine", is the standard word in all English-speaking countries except the UK.
  • UK — "cash point / cash machine / hole-in-the-wall". Unrelatedly, U.S. "hole-in-the-wall" means a place lacking ambience that sells cheap (but not necessarily bad) food.
  • U.S. Midwest — Some areas also use "TYME machine" (an acronym for "Take Your Money Everywhere", the brand name of a former regional interbank network).
• Flip-flops go by various local names: Australia: "thongs"; New Zealand: "jandals" (short for "Japanese sandals"); South Africa: "slops"; Hawaii: "slippa" (the local pronunciation of "slippers"); Philippines/Singapore: "slippers". They're also just called "sandals", but this term can cause confusion since there are various other types of sandals.
• Senior [citizen] is a fairly universal term for elderly people, who are typically retired and on a fixed income, and consequently extended discounts at many restaurants and attractions.
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — "OAP" (which stands for "old age pensioner") is also used

Jesti

• While breakfast, lunch i dinner refer to the morning, midday and evening meals respectively in most countries, parts of the UK refer to the midday meal as "dinner", and to the evening meal as "supper" or "high tea". Outside the UK, "supper" may be another name for the evening meal, or may be a small late-night meal after dinner.
• bacon — In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a type of cured pork product usually served in slices. However, countries differ on the meaning of the unqualified word:
  • U.S., Canada — "Bacon" by itself refers to a product prepared from the pork belly. In the UK and Ireland, this product is called "side bacon" or "streaky bacon", with the latter term coming from the streaks of fat across the strips of meat.
  • UK, Ireland — The unqualified term "bacon" refers to a different and much leaner product taken mainly from the loin, cut into "rashers" which include part of the belly or "medallions" which are just the trimmed eye of loin meat. North America calls this product "back bacon". In the U.S. only, "Canadian bacon" refers to a form of back bacon that is cut from the lean eye of the loin and sold ready to eat. In parts of Canada (mainly southern Ontario), a form of back bacon rolled in cornmeal known as "peameal bacon" (from the former use of dried peas as a coating) is popular.
  • Australia — Standard "bacon" is something of a cross between the above types, being prepared mainly from the belly, with a piece of loin attached.
• chips / crisps / fries:
  • UK — "chips" refers almost exclusively to deep fried, elongated strips of potatoes; crispy, thin slices of potatoes are referred to as "crisps".
  • U.S., Canada — "chips" refers almost exclusively to crispy, thin slices of potatoes, while deep fried elongated strips of potatoes are referred to as "fries" or "French fries". However, the British dish "fish and chips" is still referred to as such, and in Canada, "chip trucks" sell French fries.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Both the aforementioned fried-potato dishes are referred to as "chips"; the meaning is generally inferred from context.
  • Some Commonwealth nations use "fries" for the thinner style as typically found at McDonald's and "chips" for the thicker style as typically found in fish and chips.
• coriander: In the UK, refers to both the seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum. In North America, "coriander" refers only to the seeds; the leaves are called "cilantro".
• corn:
  • North America, Australia, New Zealand — A cereal that grows on tall stalks, with the edible grains (most often yellow or white, though other colors exist) forming "ears" growing from the stalk. This plant and its grain are called "maize" in the UK and Ireland, and by botanists worldwide (at least within a scientific context).
  • England and Wales — "Corn" can refer to any cereal, but most often to wheat.
  • Scotland and Ireland — Similar to England and Wales, except that the most common reference is to oats.
  • However, in culinary contexts, "corn" with an additional word (e.g. "popcorn", "sweet corn", or "corn flakes") always refers to maize, even in the UK and Ireland.
• flapjack: In the U.S., this is an informal word for a pancake. In the UK, it's a simple pastry made from oats.
• yam:
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — refers exclusively to true yams, a usually white-fleshed root vegetable.
  • North America — may also be used to refer to the orange-fleshed sweet potato.
  • New Zealand — refers to oca, a small, usually red-skinned root vegetable. Sweet potatoes are sold under their Māori name, kūmara.
  • Malaysia, Singapore — refers to taro, a small white- or slightly purple-fleshed root vegetable.
• The Chinese dish known as hot pot in most of the English-speaking world is known as steamboat in Singapore and Malaysia.

Piće

• pop, etc.
  • U.S., Canada:
    • In the U.S., "pop" is used in Western New York, western Pennsylvania, most of the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and most of Alaska. It is also the preferred term throughout most of English-speaking Canada.
    • "Soda" is used in New England, the coastal Mid-Atlantic, California, most of the Southwest, eastern Wisconsin, South Florida, Hawaii, and anywhere within a roughly 150-mile (240 km) radius of St. Louis.
    • "Coke" predominates in the southern tier of the U.S. between New Mexico and Florida. The word is used generically, not just in reference to Coca-Cola: the answer to the question "what kind of coke would you like?" could very well be Pepsi.
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland — "Fizzy drink" is the most common term throughout all of these countries, though you might also hear "soft drink" in Australia and New Zealand, and "mineral" in Ireland. In the UK, "soft drink" more commonly refers to any non-alcoholic beverage.
  • South Africa — "Cooldrink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines — "Soft drink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Nigeria — "Mineral" is the most commonly used term.

Spavati

Learn

See also: Studying abroad

Education is among the areas where differences between UK and U.S. English are most profound.

Balliol College, part of Oxford University

• college:
  • U.S. — Generic term for post-secondary undergraduate education. An American student will "go to college" regardless of whether his or her particular institution is formally called a "college", "university", or some other term, and whether or not the school awards bachelor's degrees. This usage of "college" does not extend to graduate education, which is usually called "grad school" (or for professional degrees, "law school", "med (medical) school", etc.).
  • Canada — Mainly refers to a technical, career, or community college (U.S.: "community college" or "junior college"). Canadians draw a sharp distinction between "going to college" (implying a community, technical or career college diploma) and "going to university" (studying for a bachelor's or postgrad degree). College mostly offers two or three-year programmes which prepare students for practical employment. A few exceptions:
    • Quebec inserts two years of community college, locally known as CÉGEP, between its secondary education and university. Quebec students graduate from high school after grade 11, as opposed to grade 12 in Anglophone North America. Undergraduate degrees from Quebec universities are completed in one less year than in Anglophone North America, as the first year will have been completed at a CÉGEP.
    • In Ontario, a "CVI" (Collegiate and Vocational Institute) is a secondary/high school facility (not a college) which offers technical or machine shops
  • UK — Can refer to any post-secondary institution that is not a university, or sometimes to a secondary school. Students studying for their bachelor's or postgraduate degree will say that they are "going to university" (or "uni") instead of U.S. "college", regardless of the formal title of their school.
  • Ireland — Similar to U.S. usage but slightly broader (i.e. includes postgraduate education) for historical reasons unique to that country. Before 1989, no Irish university provided teaching or research directly; they were instead offered by a constituent college of a university.
  • Australia — Usually refers to a private (i.e., non-government) primary, or especially secondary, school.
  • New Zealand — Normally refers to secondary schools; used interchangeably with "high school".
  • Singapore — Generally refers to government high schools. Short for "junior college".
  • In all countries, can also refer to a constituent college of a university.
• graduation / to graduate:
  • U.S. — Most commonly refers to having earned a high school diploma or an undergraduate (bachelor's or associate) degree.
  • UK — Only refers to the completion of a university degree programme (i.e. bachelor's, master's or doctorate).
• prep school:
  • U.S. — a secondary/high school that prepares students for college.
  • UK — a primary school that prepares pupils for fee-paying public (private) secondary schools

• public school:
  • U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand — A government-owned, publicly-funded school; most often used to refer to an elementary or secondary school open to all students within the geographic boundaries designated for that school.
  • UK — Can have several meanings:
    • "Public" education as opposed to "private" education by a tutor
    • Exclusive fee-paying secondary schools, typically boarding schools (which are "public" because they aren't restricted based on home location, religion, etc.)
    • Any independent school (also called "private schools" following U.S. usage); this usage of "public school" is rare in Scotland and Northern Ireland

The University of California in Berkeley, regarded as one of the top public universities in the world

• state school:
  • U.S. — Used exclusively to refer to publicly-funded universities operated by state governments.
  • UK — A publicly-funded school for students aged between 5 and 18. Universities are not called schools in the UK, although the term may be used for departments within a university ("School of Chemistry").
  • New Zealand – refers to publicly-funded primary and secondary schools, often to the exclusion of state integrated schools, i.e. former private schools that have become state schools while retaining their private school character.
• student:
  • UK, Ireland — Traditionally refers exclusively to those attending university-level institutions. Attendees of primary and secondary institutions are generally called "pupils". However, the North American sense of the term (see below) is beginning to see some use.
  • New Zealand — Broader than in the UK and Ireland; "pupils" refers only to children in primary school (years 1–6). "Student" is used for all higher levels, from intermediate to postgraduate.
  • Philippines — Likewise, formally "students" refer to learners in the secondary level (starting at grade 7) or higher, whereas "pupils" refer to learners in the elementary level. For most schools, "student" is more widespread although the word "pupil" is sometimes used.
  • U.S., Canada, Australia — Refers to all people attending educational institutions at any level, from primary to postgraduate. "Pupils" is generally understood in North America but considered something of an archaic term.
  • Singapore — Follows U.S. usage, but also used interchangeably with "pupils" up to the secondary school level.
• student union ili students' union:
  • U.S. ("student union" only) — One of several terms used to describe a college/university building intended for student recreation and socializing. Synonyms include "student center" and "student activity center".
  • Other English-speaking countries — A college/university student organization devoted to representing the interests of the students before the administration. The recreational aspect is also looked after by the unions as in the U.S., but their political role is often emphasized. The most common U.S. equivalent is "student government", with "student senate" also seeing some use.

Stay safe and stay healthy

Cope

Spojiti

• postal code:
  • Canada, Pakistan, Singapore — "postal code"
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia — "postcode"
  • In many countries around the world they're known by the name of the local system:
    • U.S. and its former colonies — "ZIP code"
    • Ireland — "Eircode"
    • India — "PIN" (Postal Index Number), sometimes redundantly called a "PIN code"

Numbers

You might expect that numbers would be simple, since they always mean the same thing. Alas, differences in how they're spoken (or even written) can sometimes lead to confusion when you're not expecting it.

• The number 0 is spoken as "zero" or "oh" in all varieties of English, but Britons are also likely to use "nought" or "nil".
  • When used in the score of a sporting event, British uses "nil" and American may use "nothing" or informally "zip". Hardcore soccer fans and journalists in North America often use "nil" following British usage when discussing soccer (or rather, "football"). Tennis and cricket have unique readings ("love" and "duck", respectively).
  • For decimal numbers like 0.8 and 0.05, Britons would usually say "nought" as in "nought point eight" and "nought point nought five". Americans often omit the leading 0, saying "point eight" and "point oh five".
• Most varieties of English informally count in hundreds up to 1,900, which is "nineteen hundred" rather than "one thousand nine hundred"; this is common for money or counting things, or when the number is understood to be rounded to the next hundred. (Philippine English is an exception; they prefer the more formal "one thousand nine hundred"; "nineteen hundred" is only spoken in military contexts, e.g. 1900 hours.) But Americans often continue this trend for even large four-digit numbers above 2,000, so they're likely to read 9,500 as "ninety-five hundred" rather than "nine thousand five hundred".
• Similarly, all varieties of English group years into two-digit groups. But Americans also apply this to street addresses and sometimes phone numbers or other sequences of digits, as well as some three-digit sequences like road numbers (e.g. I-285 is "eye two eighty-five") and bus routes.
• Meanwhile, Britons tend to use "double" when reading sequences of digits such as phone numbers (which is why James Bond's 007 moniker is "double-oh seven" rather than "zero zero seven").
• Monetary amounts in the range of one or two major currency units may be spoken differently in the two main forms of English. An American would say that an item costing $1.50 costs "one-fifty", "a dollar fifty", or (slangily) "a buck fifty". In British English, £1.50 would most often be said "one pound fifty". For amounts over one major unit, Americans typically drop the currency unit; $2.40 would most often be said "two-forty". In British, "two-forty" and "two pounds forty" are both commonly used.

Price tag for an item costing $399.99 (not including sales tax, as the photo was taken in the U.S.). In smaller print, the sale dates are given as "3/9 – 3/13", which uses the U.S. month-first order, implying March 9–13.

• In British English, whole numbers of pounds (or other currency units) are spoken by their individual digits, especially in radio and TV advertising. "Three nine nine" implies a price of £399; "three ninety-nine" implies £3.99. American English never does this—"three ninety-nine" can mean either $399 or $3.99, with the context determining the meaning.
• The U.S. has always used the short scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). But most other English-speaking countries formerly used the long scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000,000 (a million million). (In that scale, 1,000,000,000 is either "a thousand million" or sometimes a "milliard".) In 1974 the UK formally adopted the short scale, and other countries followed suit, although some use of the long scale persists. Most other European languages continue to use the long scale (including in bilingual countries, e.g. among French speakers in Canada) so you may want to clarify the exact quantity when talking to a non-native English speaker.
  • Indian English follows the Indian numbering system; numbers are grouped completely differently, and spoken using words derived from Indian languages:
    • 100,000 is written "1,00,000" and read "one lakh"; it's sometimes abbreviated "L", as in "₹‍5L" for "rupees five lakh"
    • 1,000,000 is written "10,00,000" and read "ten lakh"
    • 10,000,000 is written "1,00,00,000" and read "one crore"; it may be written out, as in "₹6 crore" for "rupees six crore"

• In handwriting, numerals are written the plain way in North America: "1" is a vertical line, and "7" is two lines. European handwriting puts the introductory swash on the top of the "1", making it look more like a typeset "1" and avoiding confusion with the capital letter I and with the lower-case letter L. Since the "1" with a swash could be confused with a "7", the "7" often gets a horizontal slash through it, a form that's also common in Australia and Singapore.

Date and time

Most countries use DD/MM/YYYY or something similar as their short date format. The biggest exception is the United States, which almost exclusively uses the MM/DD/YYYY format. The Philippines, which was an American possession during the first four decades of the 20th century and is still heavily influenced by American norms, uses MM/DD/YYYY in English-language publications, but usually DD/MM/YYYY in Filipino-language contexts. In Canada, usage is mixed: English speakers use both formats interchangeably, with newspapers invariably choosing MM/DD, but French speakers exclusively use DD/MM. Therefore, a date written as "01/02/2000" stands for "January 2, 2000" in the United States, but would stand for "1 February 2000" in almost any other country, and could conceivably mean either in Canada and the Philippines. (Note that the long dates are also formatted differently, although with hardly any potential for confusion.) Due to their significance and American media influence, the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are known internationally as "September 11" and "9/11" regardless of the actual date format in use.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends YYYY/MM/DD, primarily because that is the only format that a computer can sort with a straight text-based sort (not a special date-sorting routine) and get the right result. That format is widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but not in English-speaking countries.

Britons in particular often use compact expressions for dates (e.g. "tomorrow week" or "a week [on] Tuesday") and times (e.g. "half eight") that aren't used elsewhere. Their meaning is a cultural convention that's not universal in English, let alone in other languages: for example, "half eight" means 8:30 in English but the equivalent in Dutch means 7:30, and could be taken as either in South Africa. Some of these can be made less ambiguous (for example, Americans usually say "quarter past eight" or "quarter till eight") but others will always have the potential for confusion. Be prepared to clarify, or simply use explicit dates and times.

Weights and measures

See also: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Gas station in Florida, with prices given per U.S. gallon of fuel. (1 U.S. gal = 0.84 imperial gallons.) In the UK, this would be a filling station and the price would be given in pence per litre

Along with Liberia, the U.S. is one of the few countries that still use non-metric weights and measures (with a few exceptions including medicines, scientific work, and bottled wine, spirits, and soft drinks). The UK is partially metricated, using the metric system for some measures (such as temperature and fuel volume) but not for others (such as road distances and beer volume). The rest of the Anglosphere switched to metric beginning in the 1970s, though the imperial system still survives to varying extents in colloquial usage.

A "pint" of beer in many places is now 500 mL. The traditional British pint, which is still legally mandated in the UK, Ireland and Canada, is 568 mL (20 imperial fluid ounces). A U.S. pint is just shy at 473 mL (16 U.S. fluid ounces), although it's almost always sold in a conical glass that must be filled to the brim to contain 16 ounces. Beer in Australia comes in varying sizes with unique names. A "pint" of beer in Australia is 570 mL except in South Australia, where it is 425 mL, and 570 mL is somewhat erroneously called an "imperial pint". A "pint" of beer is not standardised in New Zealand, but most commonly follows the South Australian pint at 425 mL.

UK and Ireland measure body weight in "stone" (always singular after a number) and pounds; 1 stone is 14 pounds (6.35 kg). Someone who weighs "11 stone 6 pounds" weighs 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and rough body weight is often given in stones only. The imperial ton, or "long ton", is defined to be 160 stone (2,240 pounds; 1016 kg), which is somewhat larger than the U.S. ton, or "short ton", at 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg). Both tons are distinct from the tonne, or "metric ton", which is defined as 1,000 kg (approximately 2,200 pounds).

Other

Same words, different meaning

• Asian, when used by itself to describe people, has different meanings across the English-speaking world.
  • UK — Refers typically to people from the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. People from East i Southeast Asia are often referred to as "East Asians".
  • U.S., Canada — In U.S. and Canadian government usage, refers to a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Popular Canadian usage generally mirrors government usage. However, popular U.S. usage often excludes South Asians, especially in areas where South Asian communities are less visible than those of East or Southeast Asian ethnicities. See notes on "Indian" below.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Refers typically to people from East Asia or Southeast Asia, but can include the Indian subcontinent as well.

North American moose

• elk: In the U.S. and Canada, refers to a very large deer similar to the red deer of Eurasia; this animal is also known by the Native American name "wapiti". In the UK and Ireland (and also second-language speakers in Europe), refers to an even larger deer whose males have flattened antlers; this animal is known as the "moose" in North America. There is also a smaller species found in India and known as either "Indian elk" or "Sambar deer".
• fag: A slang term for a cigarette in the UK; a derogatory term for a homosexual man in the U.S.
• faggots: A traditional dish of pork offal/bacon, herb and gravy meatballs in the UK; same offensive connotation as "fag" in the U.S.
• Indian:
  • South Asia — Refers only to people from the country of India. (The common North American usage of the word to refer to all South Asians, irrespective of nationality, is often considered offensive here.)
  • U.S., Canada — Can have several meanings:
    • Tradicionalno se odnosi na autohtono stanovništvo američkog kontinenta, iako ta upotreba brzo nestaje u korist "Indijanaca" u SAD-u i "First Nations" u Kanadi. (Široko korišten i nešto politički korektniji izraz "američki Indijanac" stalno odnosi se na autohtone Amerikance, nikada na Amerikance s porijeklom iz zemlje Indije, koji se umjesto toga nazivaju "Indijanci-Amerikanci".)
    • Ljudi iz Južne Azije, a ne uvijek posebno iz države Indije (premda se razlika polako filtrira u svakodnevni sjevernoamerički engleski govor). Pojmovi "istočnoindijski" ili "azijski indijanac" još uvijek imaju određenu korist kao autohtoni narodi Amerike, iako danas nekvalificirani izraz "indijski" postaje sve češći i razumljiviji u kontekstu Azijata postaje sve manje korišteno za autohtone Amerikance.
• gospodski klub: Odnosi se na otmjeni, ekskluzivni privatni klub u Velikoj Britaniji; eufemizam za striptiz klub u SAD-u
• lud: UK "lud" obično znači lud ili lud (kao što je "lajanje lud"), dok se u SAD-u "lud" (na nekoga) često koristi u značenju ljut (na nekoga).
• bijesan: UK "bijesan" znači pijan. Američki "besan" kratica je od "besan", što znači iznerviran ili ljut u svim vrstama engleskog.
• guma: Odnosi se na gumicu u Velikoj Britaniji; žargonska riječ za kondom u SAD-u
• na stol: Ima suprotno značenje u SAD-u i Velikoj Britaniji
  • SAD - odgoditi ili ukloniti nešto iz razmatranja
  • Velika Britanija, Kanada, Australija, Novi Zeland - Da se nešto stavi na razmatranje.

Vidi također

• Australski sleng
• Talk # Korištenje engleskog jezika

Američke i britanske engleske pravopisne razlike