Nizozemsko carstvo - Dutch Empire

Jahta Rotterdam VOC komora.

The Nizozemski prekomorsko carstvo (Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) je povijesno carstvo koje još uvijek djelomično postoji.

Shvati

Zastava nizozemske istočnoindijske tvrtke slovima VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie)
Zastava nizozemske zapadnoindijske tvrtke slovima GWC (Geoctrooieerde West-Indische Compagnie)

Nakon neovisnosti od Španjolsko Carstvo 1581. Nizozemska je samostalno uspostavila kolonijalno carstvo. Nizozemsko carstvo razlikovalo se od nekih drugih europskih carstava u to vrijeme, utoliko što je uglavnom bilo usredotočeno oko pojedinačnih trgovačkih mjesta, umjesto na velikim površinama zemlje (iznimke su bile Indonezija i Cape Colony). Nizozemska kolonizacija podijeljena je u dvije tvrtke: Nizozemska istočnoindijska tvrtka, službeno United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) koji djeluju u Africi i Aziji te na Nizozemska zapadnoindijska tvrtka (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; GWC ili Westindische Compagnie; WIC) u Americi. Treća tvrtka na popisu bila je Noordsche Compagnie (Nordijska tvrtka), aktivan u Svalbard i Jan Mayen. Te su čete bile u potpunosti odgovorne za kolonije sve dok ih 1815. godine nije preuzela kruna. Do tada se svaka četa sastojala od tzv. komore, koji su bili lokalni uredi u velikim pomorskim gradovima. Te su tvrtke kupile i rasporedile brodove. Te su komore, u slučaju HOS-a, na primjer, držali pod nadzorom tzv Heeren Zeventien (Gospodo Sedamnaest), sedamnaestogodišnji odbor tvrtke.

Ipak, Nizozemci su bili prisutni u Americi, Africi i Aziji, a nizozemski istraživači koji su radili kao zaposlenici HOS-a bili su prvi Europljani koji su usmjerili pogled i imenovali putne točke na Australiji, Tasmaniji i Novom Zelandu. Indonezija razvio se kao VOC kolonija, usredotočena na trgovačko mjesto Batavia, preimenovano Jakarta nakon neovisnosti. Kolonijalni rat s Portugalsko Carstvo od 1606. do 1663. godine završio je gubitkom utjecaja u Južnoj Americi za Nizozemce, u jugoistočnoj Aziji za Portugalce i donekle neriješenim rezultatom u Africi.

Nizozemsko uporište u tim naseljima brzo se smanjilo s Batavijska revolucija (1795.) i transformacija Nizozemske Republike u Batavijsku Nizozemsku. Mnoge kolonije koje nisu prešle u novootvoreno francusko nadmoć (poput Južna Afrika) bili su pripojeni Engleski, koja je odlučila da ih neće vratiti nakon što su Nizozemci stekli neovisnost kao Kraljevina Nizozemska.

Poput ostalih europskih carstava, većina njegovih posjeda postala je neovisna u desetljećima nakon Drugi svjetski rat. To je išlo u različitim stupnjevima lakoće, s Indonezija boreći se protiv revolucije protiv nizozemskog nadmoćnosti od 1945. do 1949. godine, kada je steklo neovisnost. Pet godina kasnije, Surinam a Nizozemski Antili stekli su poseban status unutar kraljevstva. Nizozemska Nova Gvineja čuvao se do 1963. godine, kada je prebačen u Indoneziju. Surinam je tada stekao neovisnost 1975. Danas još uvijek postoji šest karipskih otoka koji su dio Nizozemske; to su do 2010. bile poznate kao Nizozemski Antili. Tri od njih, Bonaire, Sveti Eustacije i Saba, danas poznati kao Karipska Nizozemska, a javno tijelo u Nizozemskoj. Ostala tri, Aruba, Curaçao i Sint Maarten, su neovisne države u sastavu Kraljevine Nizozemske. Sama Nizozemska i dalje je popularno odredište useljenika iz svojih bivših kolonija, a dom je velikim zajednicama surinamskog, indonezijskog i karipskog podrijetla.

Europa

Montelbaantoren u Amsterdamu jedan je od mnogih nijemih svjedoka propadanja Nizozemskog carstva.

U Nizozemskoj

Nizozemske znamenitosti povezane s HOS-om i WIC-om.

Stvar u postojanju kolonija je u tome što morate njima vladati. Većinom kolonijama vladalo je iz jednog od glavnih gradova te kolonije, ali HOS-om i WIC-om vladalo je mnoštvo komora, raširenih duž nizozemske obale. Osim toga, postoji nekoliko obnovljenih i repliciranih brodova iz vremena koji postoje, pronađeni u cijeloj zemlji.

  • 1 Oost-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam) Oost-Indisch Huis na Wikipediji, Oude Hoogstraat 24, Amsterdam. Upravni ured Amsterdamske komore HOS-a. Pored dvadeset ljudi koji su činili upravni odbor komore, vidio je i većinu sastanaka Heeren XVII (Heren Zeventien, Gospodo sedamnaest), izvorno imenovani 17-voditeljski odbor same tvrtke. Kuća je daleko najveća i najimpresivnija VOC zgrada koja stoji do danas.
  • 2 Oost-Indisch Huis (Hoorn), Muntstraat 4, Hoorn. Administrativni ured za komoru Hoorn. Njegova vanjska strana ne bi prikazivala njegovu nekadašnju upotrebu osim pedimenta, na kojem su četiri anđela koja nose logotip Hoorn Chambera.
  • 3 Oost-Indisch Huis (Delft), Oude Delft 39, Holandska keramika. Delft, koji nije grad s mnogo pomorske povijesti, pridružio se prilično kasno prvim putovanjima u nizozemsku Indiju, utemeljen otprilike u isto vrijeme kad i sam HOS. Njegova je lokalna tvrtka prije HOS-a apsorbirana u HOS. Brod kojim je htio doći do Indije preimenovan je i krenuo na njega Patuljasti pijetao. Većina Delftove pomorske povijesti dogodila se od Delfshaven (Delftova luka) nekih 12 km (7,5 milja) južno, blizu Rotterdam.
  • 4 VOC skladišta (Hoorn), Onder de Boompjes, Hoorn.
  • 5 Mauritshuis Mauritshuis na Wikipediji pored Binnenhofa, Den Haag. S pogledom na vodu jezera Hofvijver, sagrađena je kao dom Johana Mauritsa van Nassau-Siegena između 1636. i 1641. godine, za vrijeme njegovog guvernerstva nizozemskog Brazila. Iako prilično malo, sadrži neka remek-djela slikarstva, poput djela Johannesa Vermeera Djevojka s bisernom naušnicom i Pogled na Delft, Autoportreti Rembrandta van Rijna u dobi od 20 i 63 godine i Lekcija iz anatomije dr. Nicolaesa Tulpai Andyja Warhola Kraljica Beatrix. Odrasli 14 €, mlađi od 18 godina dobivaju besplatno.
  • 6 Muzej Westfries, Roode Steen 1, Holandska keramika. Muzej s prilično zapaženom zbirkom o HOS-u, uključujući cijelu tematsku dvoranu, s predmetima iz HOS-ovih gradova Hoorn i Enkhuizen.
  • 7 Zapadno-indijski Huis (Amsterdam) West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam) na Wikipediji, Herenmarkt, Amsterdam. Sjedište nizozemske zapadnoindijske tvrtke od 1647. do 1674. godine, zapadno-indijski Huis je mjesto odakle su izdane naredbe za izgradnju utvrde na Manhattanu (New York City), čime je postavljen početak metropole koju danas poznajemo.
  • 8 Zapadno-indijski Pakhuis (Amsterdam), 's-Gravenhekje 1, Amsterdam
  • 9 Zapadno-indijski huis (Dordrecht), Wijnstraat 87, Dordrecht.
  • 10 De Amsterdam Amsterdam (1748) na Wikipediji, dio 11 Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum Het Scheepvaartmuseum na WikipedijiAmsterdam je replika broda HOS-a iz 1748. godine koji je nasukao na obali Hastingsa.
  • 12 De Batavia Batavia (brod 1628) na Wikipediji, Bataviaplein, Lelystad. Replika Batavia, VOC brod iz 1628. koji se nasukao na Houtman Abrolhos. Nasukavanje je praćeno pobunom i masovnim ubojstvima. Dio originalne olupine može se naći u Galeriji brodoloma u Muzeju Zapadne Australije u Fremantle. Artefakti na brodu sačuvani su u Muzeju zapadne Australije u Geraldton.

Nekadašnja imanja

Karta bivših teritorija Nizozemske.

Sadašnje granice Nizozemske nikada nisu cementirane na vrijeme. S vremenom je stekao i izgubio jezgru, a to je:

  • 1 Belgija bio je dio Kraljevine Nizozemske od 1815. do 1830., nakon Bečkog kongresa (1815). Nizozemci su trebali biti zaduženi za tampon državu koja će spriječiti Francusku da prati dobitak koji je vidjela tijekom Napoleonski ratovi. Taj sindikat, međutim, nije onaj koji bi dugoročno ostao. Nedostatak potpore nizozemskom nadmoćnosti nad Belgijom doveo je do belgijske revolucije (1830.-1839.), Koja je nakon nizozemskog priznanja belgijske neovisnosti 1839. dovela do neovisne nacije kakvu danas poznajemo.
  • 2 Luksemburg nikada nije u potpunosti bio dio Nizozemske, ali od Bečkog kongresa (1815.) do 1890. Veliko je vojvodstvo bilo pod osobnom unijom s Nizozemskom, što znači da je njegov šef države bio i luksemburški. Za razliku od belgijskog slučaja, ova se unija zaustavila 1867. Londonskim ugovorom. Tadašnji nizozemski kralj William III želio je prodati zemlju Francuska, što je bilo sve za to. Susjedni Prusija, međutim, nije ga odobrio, što je dovelo do sukoba. Ugovor je Luksemburg učinio "na neodređeno vrijeme", što bi na papiru prekinulo osobnu uniju, i vidio 3 Limburg dao Williamu na naknadu. William III je, međutim, i dalje bio njegov vladar. Unija je formalno prestala njegovom smrću 1890. godine. William III nije ostavio muških nasljednika, što je predstavljalo problem s luksemburškim zakonima o nasljeđivanju. To je dovelo do toga da su uzeli granu od kuće Nassau-Weilburg, koja je i danas njegova kraljevska kuća.
  • 4 Istočna Frizija bio nakratko dio Kraljevine Nizozemske (1808-1810), kojom je vladao Louis Bonaparte (nizozemski: Lodewijk Napoleon Bonaparte), mlađi brat poznatog Napoleona Bonapartea. Njegova kratka povijest, jer su je Odjel za Istočnu Friziju Francuzi oduzeli Pruskoj, dodijelili je i integrirali u Kraljevinu Nizozemsku, koja je zauzvrat bila pripojena Francuskoj 9. srpnja 1810. Sljedeće godine postala je odjelom prvo francusko carstvo kao Ems-oriëntal (Istočni Ems). Nakon francuskog poraza postala je dijelom Kraljevine Hannover i Kraljevina Oldenburg.
  • 5 Elten Elten na Wikipediji i 6 Selfkant Selfkant na Wikipediji bile su kompenzacije od Njemačke do Nizozemske Drugi Svjetski rat. Te su aneksije najavljene 1949. godine, čime je dodano ukupno 69 km2 (27 četvornih kilometara) do nizozemskog teritorija. Osim ove dvije općine, izvršeno je još mnogo malih korekcija granica duž njemačko-nizozemske granice, uglavnom u blizini Nijmegen i oko Achterhoek. Nakon aneksije, Zapadna Njemačka započela je pregovore o povratku dviju općina, što je rezultiralo povratkom 1963. Noć nakon koje je teritorij vraćen, ona 31. srpnja 1. kolovoza, lokalno je poznata kao Eltener Butternacht (Elten Butter Night). Tvrtke bi svoje kamione poslale u Elten, vozač tamo parkirao preko noći i probudio se u Njemačkoj, bez plaćanja poreza na uvoz.

Ujedinjene države

Vjerojatno jedan od najpoznatijih nizozemskih kolonijalnih posjeda mora biti New Amsterdam (New York). Prikazano ovdje na reprodukciji plana iz 1660. iz 1916. godine.
Nizozemska naselja u Novoj Nizozemskoj.

The Ujedinjene države prilično čuvaju nekadašnje nizozemske kolonije, kojima su se 1674. godine 'trgovale' s Englezima. Kolonija poznata kao "Nova Nizozemska" (Nieuw-Nederland) zauzimali veći dio tekućeg dana New York, New Jersey i Delaware, slijedeći rijeke Delaware i Hudson. Kolonija je prvi put istražena 1609. godine, na početku Dvanaestogodišnjeg primirja. Nizozemska istočnoindijska tvrtka poslala je brod kako bi pronašla prolaz u Indiju preko zapada. Brod koji su poslali bio je Prepoloviti Maen (Polumjesec). Ekspedicija je najuočljivije otkrila a golemi sjeverni zaljev, koji sada nosi ime svog skipera Henryja Hudsona.

Četiri godine kasnije krenula je nova ekspedicija, koju je vodio Adriaen Block. Njegov brod, Tijger (Tigar) izgorio dok je bio u kasnijoj Novoj Nizozemskoj. Tijekom njegovog produženog boravka, on i njegova posada izgradili su novi brod i istraživali i mapirali okolno područje, ploveći East Riverom i istražujući Dugi otok. Zemljovid koji je Block objavio kad se vratio u Europu predstavit će naziv "Nova Nizozemska". Nakon toga započela je prava kolonizacija Nove Nizozemske.

  • 1 Tvrđava Nassau Utvrda Nassau (Sjeverna rijeka) na Wikipediji osnovao ga je 1613. Hendrick Christiaensen, koji je tvornicu nazvao u čast Stadtholder-a, koji je bio iz kuće Orange-Nassau. Njegova je glavna svrha bila trgovina dabrovim krznom s lokalnim stanovništvom. Utvrdu bi svake godine poplavila rijeka Hudson, pa je tako brzo napuštena i zamijenjena južnijom 2 Utvrda Oranje Fort Orange (Nova Nizozemska) na Wikipediji (1624.). U blizini nove utvrde, grad zvan Beverwijck nastao 1647. godine, koji bi bio preimenovan u Albany pod engleskom vlašću.
  • 3 Manhattan bio prvi komad zemlje koji je formalno kupljen od domorodaca. Ti urođenici za početak nisu živjeli na otoku i vjerojatno su mislili da prodaju prava na lov, no ipak je to bilo dovoljno da se računa kao legalna prodaja zemlje Nizozemcima. Prvi doseljenici iskrcali su se na Noten Eylant (Governors Island) 1624. godine, a imanja su proširena do 4 Obruč Fort Goede Kuća nade (utvrda) na Wikipediji. Tijekom Nizozemsko-portugalski kolonijalni rat, južnoamerička kolonija New Holland prestala je postojati 1654. godine, a njena značajna sefardska židovska zajednica preselila se na Manhattan.

Počevši od 1629. godine, zapadnoindijska tvrtka omogućila je pojedincima osnivanje vlastitih posjeda u Novoj Nizozemskoj. Glavni zagovornik ovog plana bio je Kiliaen van Rensselaer, koji je osnovao vlastelinstvo Renselaerswijck. Na svojoj visini, ovo se vlastelinstvo protezalo nekoliko kilometara s obje strane rijeke Hudson. Nakon uspjeha Renselaerswijcka, grada Beverwijck (moderna 5 Albany) osnovana je u pokušaju da se oduzme struja iz Renselaerswijcka. Sedamnaest godina nakon osnivanja, 1664. godine, Beverwijck je postao drugi grad kolonije, brojeći oko tisuću stanovnika.

Tijekom svega toga, Nova Nizozemska je sasvim dobro radila za sebe. Na njegovom zapadu je nikla još jedna kolonija: Nova Švedska, koja je bila švedsko-finska kolonija koja je okruživala današnju Filadelfiju. Nova Švedska naseljena je isključivo na zapadnoj obali rijeke Delaware kako bi izbjegla sukob s Nizozemcima, koji su tvrdili s bilo koje strane rijeke. U međuvremenu su Nizozemci gradili utvrde unutar regije za koju su polazali prava, što je švedskoj koloniji počelo stvarati probleme. 1654. švedska kolonija pokušala je preuzeti kontrolu nad 6 Tvrđava Casimir Tvrđava Casimir na Wikipediji, u čemu su uspjeli i odmah preimenovani u Trefaltighet. Guverner Nove Nizozemske, Peter Stuyvesant, vratio je tvrđavu godinu nakon toga, osvojivši cijelu Novu Švedsku.

Nizozemci su bili prilično nemarni prema svojoj koloniji u novom svijetu, smatrajući da je odgovornost WIC-a da je brani i brine o njoj. WIC je u međuvremenu imao trgovinu i zarađivao kao jedan od svojih glavnih interesa, pa kad su Englezi 27. kolovoza 1664. godine pripojili koloniju s četiri fregate, nisu naišli na otpor. Domaći stanovnici nisu se opirali njihovoj aneksiji, uglavnom zato što su njihovi molbe za potporu domovine protiv mnogih napada domorodaca ostale bez odgovora. Nizozemci su za odmazdu okupirali današnji dan Surinam i Britanci-Gvajana za vrijeme Drugog englesko-nizozemskog rata (1664). Potpisivanje Bredski mir (1667.) rezultirao je statusom quo: Nizozemci su zadržali Surinam, a Englezi Novi Amsterdam. Konačna je rezolucija prepuštena budućnosti.

Status quo nije dugo trajao, s Trećim englesko-nizozemskim ratom koji je uslijedio 1672. godine. Novi Amsterdam, 7 Utvrda Amsterdam Tvrđava Amsterdam na Wikipediji i Beverwijck ponovno zauzimaju nizozemske snage. Naselja su u ovom trenutku također preimenovana u Nieuw-Oranje (Nova Naranča), utvrdu Willem Hendrik odnosno Willemstadt, a sve u čast novog stadholder-a, Williama III od Orange-Nassaua. Westminsterskim mirom (1674.) došao je kraj nizozemskoj koloniji u Sjevernoj Americi. Nova Nizozemska pravilno je prebačena na Engleze, a Surinam je postao odgovarajuća nizozemska kolonija. Novi Amsterdam, kao i druga naselja i utvrde promptno su preimenovani u svoja današnja imena. Nizozemska Republika je ponovno uspostavila svoje uporište u novom svijetu s nizozemskom Arkadijom, koja se sastojala od dijelova francuske Arkadije, koji se sastojao od dijelova moderne New Brunswick i nova Škotska. Ovaj teritorij vraćen je Francuzima 1675. godine, a Nizozemci su opozvali svoj zahtjev tri godine kasnije. Suparništvo između Nizozemaca i Engleza završilo je s Veličanstvenom revolucijom, u kojoj su nizozemski grad William William i njegova supruga Mary II iz Engleske preuzeli kontrolu u Engleskoj.

Nizozemska kolonijalna naselja oko sadašnjosti New York City.

Tijekom njihove prisutnosti nizozemska kolonisti osnovali su sljedeća naselja:

  • Na Manhattanu:
    • Nieuw-Amsterdam (Novi Amsterdam), današnji Južni Manhattan, koji je bio glavni grad nizozemske kolonije, postaje New York City nakon engleske vladavine. Izvorno nazvano po Amsterdam, Englezi su ga preimenovali u ime vojvode od York.
    • Nieuw-Haarlem (Novi Harlem), suvremeni Harlem, nazvan po Haarlem.
    • 8 Noortwijck (Sjeverni odjel) ili Greenwijck (Pine Ward), sada Greenwich Village.
    • 9 Stuyvesants Bouwerij Bowery na Wikipediji (Stuyvesantova farma), koju je WIC u početku ignorirao, ovdje se naselila obitelj Stuyvesant. Sagradio je farmu, dvorac i kapelu, razvivši svoju plantažu u naselje. Ovo se naselje nalazilo približno u današnje vrijeme Sjenovit (Donja istočna strana/Kineska četvrt)
  • U Bronx i Yonkers:
    • 10 Jonas Broncks Bouwerij (Farma Jonasa Broncka) ili Broncksland (Bronckova zemlja), osnovano 1639. Ime se na kraju korumpiralo i postalo "Bronx" pod engleskom vlašću. Dalo je ime rijeci Bronx, po kojoj je kasnije i sam Bronx dobio ime.
    • 11 Colen Donck Colen Donck na Wikipediji (Donckova kolonija) ili Zemlja Het Jonkers (Štitonoša zemlja), pokroviteljstvo uz rijeku Hudson. Sam "Jonkers" korupcija je "Jonkheera" (štitonoša), koji se korumpirao u današnji Yonkers.
  • U Kraljice:
    • 12 Heemstede, osnovana 1644. godine, postala je moderna Hempstead, nazvan po Heemstede, grad južno od Haarlem.
    • 13 Vlissingen, osnovana godinu dana kasnije, korumpirana je u sadašnjost Kraljice / Ispiranje, nazvan po Vlissingen.
    • 14 Middelburgh, osnovana 1652. i nazvana po Middelburg, preimenovan je u Novi Grad pod engleskom vlašću.
    • 15 Rustdorp (Odmor ili Selo mira). Naseljeno 1656. godine, danas je poznato kao Jamajka
  • U Brooklyn:
    • 16 's-Gravensande Gravesend, Brooklyn na Wikipediji, vjerojatno nazvan 's-Gravenzande, sada poznat kao Gravesend.
    • 17 Breuckelen Brooklyn Heights na Wikipediji, nazvan po Breukelen, posuđuje svoje ime Brooklynu. Izvorno naselje lagalo je u današnje vrijeme Brooklyn Heights.
    • 18 Nieuw-Amersfoort Flatlands, Brooklyn na Wikipediji (Novi Amersfoort), suvremeni Ravnice
    • 19 Midwout Flatbush, Brooklyn na Wikipediji (Srednje drvo), suvremeni Ravni grm.
    • 20 Nieuw-Utrecht New Utrecht, Brooklyn na Wikipediji (Novi Utrecht), suvremeni Novi Utrecht.
    • 21 Boswijck Bushwick, Brooklyn na Wikipediji (Šumsko odjeljenje), suvremeni Bushwick.
  • U Rensselaerswijcku:
    • Beverwijck (Beaver Ward), suvremeni Albany.
    • 22 Wiltwijck, moderno Kingston.
  • U bivšoj Novoj Švedskoj:
    • 23 Swaanendael Zwaanendael Colony na Wikipediji (Labuđa dolina), osnovana 1631. godine, ali su stanovništvo godinu dana poslije uništili njegovo stanovništvo. Na svom mjestu danas stoji Lewes.
    • 24 Nieuw-Amstel (Novi Amstel) u blizini tvrđave Casimir, danas poznate kao Novi dvorac.
    • 25 Altena, moderno Novi dvorac.

Karibi i Južna Amerika

Zapadne Indije

4 ° 21′36 ″ S 55 ° 43′12 ″ Z
Karta Nizozemskog Carstva
  • Nizozemske zapadne Indije:
    • 1 Aruba. Preuzeta od španjolske 1636. godine, Aruba je i danas dio Nizozemske, pod nadzorom Engleza tijekom 1807. i 1816. Otok je bio domaćin nekoliko rudarskih tvrtki, uključujući one za zlato i fosfate. Otok lobira za neovisnost od 1947. godine, a stekao je pravo upravljanja sobom 1978. godine. Od početka 1986. godine otok ima status neovisne države unutar Kraljevine Nizozemske, stavljajući ga na istu razinu autonomija kao kopnena Nizozemska. Njegova povijest kao nizozemske kolonije i dalje se može doživjeti do danas, bilo kroz ime mjesta ili jezik koji domoroci govore, bilo da je to nizozemski ili papiamento. Aruba (Q21203) na Wikipodacima Aruba na Wikipediji (ažurirano lipnja 2020)
    • 2 Bonaire. Također preuzet iz španjolskog 1636. godine, Bonaire su Nizozemci uglavnom koristili za osvajanje soli, što se u početku radilo s robovima. Ropstvo je ukinuto 1863. godine u Bonaireu i ostatku Zapadne Indije. Nizozemska je dva puta izgubila moć nad otokom od Britanaca početkom devetnaestog stoljeća, a otok je definitivno postao nizozemsko tlo 1816. godine, što je navelo Nizozemce da grade tvrđavu Oranje kako bi zajamčili da otok više neće izgubiti. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata otok je polako rastao kao turistička žarišna točka. 1954. otok je postao autonomni dio Kraljevine Nizozemske, dio Nizozemskih Antila. Kad je ova država prestala postojati 2010. godine, otok je umjesto toga postao "posebna općina" u sastavu Nizozemske. Bonaire (Q25396) na Wikipodacima Bonaire na Wikipediji (ažurirano lipnja 2020)
    • 3 Curaçao. Španci su ih "otkrili" u ljeto 1499. godine, a otok Curaçao izvorno je sadržavao oko 2000 domorodaca, koji su svi otpremljeni kao robovi 1515. Dvanaest godina kasnije otok su naselili Španjolci, koji su na kraju stvorili kolonijalni posjed metodom pokušaja i pogrešaka. Iako je proizvodnja proizvoda vezanih uz goveda išla prilično dobro, Španjolci su otok i dalje smatrali beskorisnim, jer im uzgoj usjeva nije ništa u mrežu. To znači da su nakon prepada nizozemske zapadnoindijske tvrtke u kolovozu 1634. Španjolci predali otok Nizozemcima. WIC je prvenstveno zauzeo otok jer se činilo obećavajućim mjestom za izvođenje pomorskih privatnih napada. Nakon osvajanja, Nizozemci su otok brzo utvrdili utvrdama na važnim mjestima, poput zaljeva Saint Anna, gdje se nalazio primarni izvor vode na otoku. Nedugo zatim, 1635./1636., Utvrda Amsterdam podignuta je na Pundi. Te su utvrde koštale puno novca, dok je otok bio malo korisniji nego u španjolsko doba, čineći WIC-ovu upravnu ploču (De Heeren XIX) podijeljeno na vrijednost otoka. Curaçao je, međutim, zadržan, vjerojatno zbog podijeljenih mišljenja o otoku. Bez obzira na to, otok se s vremenom pokazao vrjednijim. Padom nizozemskog Brazila 1654. godine Curaçao je postao središte trgovine nizozemskim aktivnostima vezanim za zapad. WIC je započeo svoje aktivnosti trgovine robljem 1665. Robovi će se stjecati u zapadnoafričkim nizozemskim gospodarstvima ili vanjskotrgovinskim gradovima i odatle otpremati u novi svijet. 1674. WIC je Curaçao pretvorio u "slobodnu luku" (Vrijhaven), što znači da je stekao sposobnost olakšavanja trgovine robljem, za što je brzo postao ključno trgovačko središte. To je pogoršalo odnose s uglavnom Francuskom i Engleskom. Tijekom 1713. godine otok je kratko zauzeo francuski privatnik Jacques Cassard. Tijekom ostatka 18. stoljeća Curaçao je pokušao učvrstiti svoj položaj trgovačkog čvorišta, premda je trgovina na jug španjolskim kolonijama bila itekako ograničena španjolskom obalnom stražom, koja je iznjedrila život kako bi zaustavila ilegalnu trgovinu duhanom i kakaom . Dodajući tome povećani utjecaj Engleza i Francuza, važnost Curacao-a počela je opadati. Poljoprivredni napori za izvoz zaustavljeni su kasnije, a poljoprivredni proizvodi postali su više lokalno korišteni. To je učinilo da je glavni prihod otoka trgovina robljem. WIC je bankrotirao 1791. prisilivši nizozemsku državu da preuzme koloniju. Četiri godine kasnije, robovi na otoku pobunili su se, iako je pobuna odmah srušena. 1800. godine otok su zauzeli Britanci, koje su tri godine kasnije sami isterali urođenici. Otok su vratili 1807. godine, da bi ga 1816. vratili u nizozemske ruke. Kako bi smanjili troškove upravljanja kolonijama, Curaçao i drugi nizozemski karipski otoci stavljeni su pod izravnu kontrolu Paramaribo 1828. godine, dok su otoci stekli koloniju sami 1845. godine kojima se upravljalo iz Curaçaoa, jer se kontrola iz Paramariba nije pokazala plodnom i učinkovitom. Nizozemci su ukinuli trgovinu robljem 1863. Od tog trenutka do početka 20. stoljeća otok je uglavnom radio u ribarstvu, trgovini i poljodjelstvu. Kada su 1914. godine u Venezueli pronađene velike rezerve nafte, otok se brzo prebacio na rafinerijsku industriju, po kojoj je otok još uvijek zapažen, osim turizma. Otok je svoju političku neovisnost s ostatkom Nizozemskih Antila dobio 1954. godine. Od 2010. godine otok ima sličan status kao Aruba unutar Kraljevine Nizozemske. Curaçao (Q25279) na Wikipodacima Curaçao na Wikipediji (ažurirano lipnja 2020)
  • 4 Saba. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 5 Sint Maarten. Na otoku koji se dijeli s Francuskom, francuska je strana Sveti Martine. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 6 Sveti Eustacije. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 7 Surinam. (ažurirano travnja 2020)

Brazil

  • Tijekom nizozemsko-portugalskog kolonijalnog rata 1606-1663, Nizozemci su pokušali osnovati koloniju New Holland. Brazil, sa zanimanjem:
  • 8 Salvador. Kolonijalni glavni grad i meta prvog napada. Zarobila ga je i opljačkala flota zapadnoindijske tvrtke pod vodstvom Jacoba Willekensa i Piet Heina 10. svibnja 1624. Johan van Dorth upravljao je kolonijom prije svog atentata, oslobađajući robove. Grad je ponovno zauzela luzo-španjolska flota pod vodstvom Fadriquea Álvareza de Toleda y Mendoza 1. svibnja 1625. godine. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 9 São Luís. Osnovan na otoku kao glavni grad probne kolonije Francuska Équinoxiale 1612. godine osvojili su ga Portugalci 1615. 1641. godine grad su napali Nizozemci koji su otišli 1645. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 10 Natalni. Albuquerque Maranhão započeo je 6. siječnja 1598. godine izgradnjom tvrđave Svetih kraljeva ili Magi-Kings (Forte dos Santos Reis ili Forte dos Reis Magos), nazvan po Tri mudraca, počašćen u kršćanskoj svetkovini Bogojavljenja, koja se slavila toga dana. Natalni ("Rođenje" ili "Božić" na portugalskom) osnovano je 25. prosinca 1599., dajući selu izvan utvrde današnje ime grada. Utvrdu, grad i okolna područja okupirale su nizozemske snage od 1633. do 1654. Ponovno su krstili utvrdu "Fort Ceulen". (ažurirano travnja 2020)

opsada

  • 11 Olinda (7 km sjeverno od Recifea). Glavni grad nasljedne kapetanije Pernambuco, opsjedali su ga osvajači od početka invazije, konačno opljačkani i spaljeni 1631. Nakon toga je opao na značaju, a Recife je postao glavni grad Pernambuca 1827. godine. (ažurirano travnja 2020)
Karta Mauritsstadta (Recife), 1637

i osnivanje

  • 12 Recife (Mauritsstadt). Nazvan po njemačkom grofu Johanu Mauritsu van Nassau-Siegenu, guverneru od 1637. do 1644. godine, bio je glavni grad kolonije New Holland, osnovane na otoku António Vaz 1630. Nakon poraza veće, bolje opremljene vojske Zapadne Indije (iako uskog poraza) ) portugalskim i domorodačkim snagama u bitci Guararapes 1649. na njegovoj periferiji, mišljenje u Amsterdam smatrao da "nizozemski Brazil do sada više nema budućnost za koju se vrijedi boriti", što je zapravo zapečatilo sudbinu kolonije. Posljednji osvajači protjerani su iz Recifea 1654. godine. Recife Antigo je sačuvan i vrijedi ga posjetiti, a u njemu se nalazi bivša sinagoga, otkrivena kao takva 1990-ih. (ažurirano travnja 2020)

i

  • 13 Fortaleza (Utvrda Schoonenborch). 1637. godine Nizozemci su zauzeli staru portugalsku utvrdu São Sebastião. U bitkama s Portugalcima i domorocima 1644. utvrda je uništena. Pod zapovjedništvom Matthiasom Beckom, nizozemska tvrtka West Indies izgradila je novu tvrđavu na obalama rijeke Pajeú. Utvrda Schoonenborch ("graciozno uporište") službeno otvoreno 19. kolovoza 1649. Nakon kapitulacije Pernambuca 1654. godine, Nizozemci su ovu utvrdu predali Portugalcima, koji su je preimenovali Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora de Assunção ("Tvrđava Gospe od Uznesenja"), po kojoj je grad i dobio ime. (ažurirano travnja 2020)

Afrika

Južna Afrika

Karta Nizozemskog Carstva
Pogled na Kasteel de Goede Hoop (Dvorac dobre nade), usred Cape Towna.

The Nederlandse Kaapkolonie (Nizozemska rtska kolonija), službeno naslovljen Tussenstation Kaap de Goede Hoop (Intermedijalna stanica Rt dobre nade), bila je nizozemska kolonija koju je okolo naseljavao HOS 1 Kaapstad (Južna Afrika). Kolonija je započeta 1652. godine, a izgubila je od Britanaca 1795. godine, koji su je okupirali osam godina, vraćajući je u Batavian Commonwealth, službeno ime Nizozemske između Francuske revolucije i aneksije od strane Francuza. Britanci su koloniju okupirali još jednom tri godine kasnije otkako je Batavian Commonwealth postao država proxy Francuske s kojom su Englezi ratovali, a Pariškim ugovorom (1814.) kolonija je prebačena u britanske ruke, što ne bi ' t ostaviti dok neovisnost 1931. godine.

"Kolonija na rtu" započela je slučajno u ožujku 1647., Kada je Nieuw Haarlem (Novi-Haarlem) uništen na rtu. Posada brodolomaca izgradila je malu utvrdu kojoj su dali ime Zand Fort van de Kaap de Goede Hoop (Pješčana utvrda Rta dobre nade). Spašen gotovo godinu dana kasnije, dio posade krenuo je uvjeravati HOS da otvori trgovačko čvorište na Rtu. HOS je krenuo u ekspediciju koju je kasnije vodio Jan van Riebeeck, a koja je stigla na odredište 6. travnja 1652. godine, stvarajući prvo stalno naselje na Rtu. Posada koja ih je brojala devedeset kalvinistički kolonisti, osnovali utvrdu od gline i drveta, koja bi između 1666. i 1679. bila zamijenjena 2 Kasteel de Goede Hoop Dvorac dobre nade na Wikipediji, danas najstarija zgrada u cijeloj Južnoj Africi. Kolonija je otkupila zemlju od domaćih plemena Khoikhoi jer im je bilo potrebno širenje.

Prvi kolonisti poslani na rt uglavnom su bili iz srednjih slojeva nizozemskog društva, što je dovelo do ravnodušnosti među njima kako će kolonija ispasti. To se promijenilo kada je 1685. godine poslan povjerenik koji je držao koloniju pod nadzorom. To je privuklo novu skupinu imigranata u kolonije: francuske hugenote, koji su nakon gubitka sigurnosti u Francuskoj pobjegli u Nizozemsku i njene kolonije. Zbog načina na koji su Nizozemci upravljali kolonijom (obrazovanje je bilo dopušteno samo onima koji govore nizozemski), francuski je utjecaj izgubljen na polovici 18. stoljeća. Njihovo nasljeđe, međutim, opstaje u ime 3 Franschhoek (Francuski kutak), nazvan po 176 hugenota koji su se tu naselili 1688.

Kolonija je s vremenom rasla, prisiljavajući lokalna plemena Khoikhoi, koja su već bila oslabljena bolestima, ili da postanu dijelom kolonije i rade za nizozemske doseljenike, ili da migriraju prema sjeveru i tamo sretnu neprijateljska neprijateljska plemena. Vlada Capea počela je istiskivati ​​zakone 1787. kojima je cilj preostali nomadski Khoikhoi postati sve ovisniji o Nizozemcima.

Unatoč neprijateljskoj okolini, s neprijateljskim plemenima i krajolikom koji za početak nisu bili baš obradivi, kolonija se neprestano širila, što je na kraju dovelo do HOS-a da ograniči koloniju, koju su željeli biti isključivo opskrbnim mjestom, a ne naseljem koje na kraju bi ih koštali novca. Ovi zakoni dopuštaju VOC imeniku da zaustavi otvorenu migraciju u koloniju, daju mu monopol nad izvozom, daju mu potpunu vlast i nadalje diktiraju što će poljoprivrednici uzgajati na svojoj zemlji, dajući VOC-u velik postotak žetve. Kolonisti, koji su uglavnom napustili Nizozemsku zbog svojih slobodoumnih pogleda na život, razumljivo su bili nezadovoljni zakonima. Pokušavajući izbjeći kontrolu nad HOS-om, okrenuli su se prema unutrašnjosti i naselili zemlju za sebe koja nije imala kontrolu nad tvrtkom. HOS na kraju nije mogao učiniti ništa drugo nego priznati ove teritorije. 4 Swellendam dobio je magistrat 1745, 5 Graaff-Reinet slijedila je drugo mjesto 1786. Rijeka Gamtoos trebala je biti službena nova granica s te točke, koja je bila zanemarena, a zemlja istočno od rijeke brzo je naseljena. Kolonisti i poljoprivrednici (Boeren, kasnijeBoers), usprkos tome što su se složili s imenikom VOC da će Grote Visrivier biti nova istočna granica, nije dobio potrebnu zaštitu od lokalnih plemena. To je dovelo do toga da su protjerali službenike kolonije i organizirali prvu Burske republike.

Prije britanske okupacije Cape Colonije 1795 okupacija Nizozemske Republike od strane francuske vojske, kolonija se sastojala od četiri okruga: Kaap, 6 Stellenbosch en 7 Drakenstein Lokalna općina Drakenstein na Wikipediji, Swellendam i Graaff-Reinet, koji su zajedno brojali oko 60 000 stanovnika. Englezi su slijedili upute nizozemskog stacionara Williama V iz Orange-Nassaua da se "odupre Francuzima svim mogućim sredstvima", što je za Englesku značilo okupiranje nizozemskih kolonija prije nego što su ih Francuzi mogli polagati, što je bio izričiti zahtjev dioničara. Guverner kolonije isprva je odbio slijediti mirnu okupaciju, ali kad su Englezi zaprijetili upotrebom nasilja, popustio je. Britanci su pripojili dvije burske republike nedugo kasnije iste godine.

Mir u Amiens (1803.), vidio je da se kontrola nad kolonijom vraća u Batavian Commonwealth, no šest godina kasnije, koloniju su ponovno preuzeli Englezi. Ovaj put, doduše, prijenos moći bio je trajan, jer je William I iz Nizozemske potpisao koloniju Londonskim ugovorom 1814. godine. Nizozemsko udruživanje i odnosi sa potomcima doseljenika iz Kaapa (The Boers) nastavila se u 1960-ima, zbog burskih republika koje su osnovali nakon Velika staza te migracija mnogih nizozemskih građana u Južnu Afriku Drugi Svjetski rat.

Srednja i zapadna Afrika

Karta nekadašnjih nizozemskih posjeda u srednjoj i zapadnoj Africi.
Pogled na Arguin (oko 1665).
  • 8 Arguin Arguin na Wikipediji je najpoznatiji kao a Portugalski kolonija. The Dutch, however, controlled the island from 1633 to 1678, having conquered it from the Portuguese. The Dutch, in turn, lost the island to the francuski, from which it was transferred to Brandenburg, then back to the French, and then briefly back to the Dutch again from 1722 to 1724. Again, control was lost to the French after only two brief years. The island is nowadays part of Mauritanija, bivša francuska kolonija.
  • Senegambia ili Bovenkust (Upper Coast) was the name for the collection of forts and factories in modern-day Gambia i Senegal. The most notable use of these holdings was to collect slaves for transport to the Caribbean. The area was a federation of loose settlements by the WIC, which controlled it from the island of Gorée, off the coast of Dakar. The island was lost to the francuski in 1677, and the rest of the holdings, including the previously mentioned Arguin, followed the year after.
    • 9 Gorée Gorée na Wikipediji, for which we don't know exactly how it got into Dutch hands in 1617, though a purchase off of locals is assumed and documented. The island was under Dutch control from 1617 to 1677, with a one year hiatus in 1664. The island consisted of two forts; one on the north side (Fort Nassau) and one on the south side (Fort Oranje). The French, which were in control of the island after 1677, rebuilt pretty much the entire island. Both forts have been destroyed by the French in their successful attempt of conquering the island, and the WIC did not return, since it was quickly losing its market-share already.
    • 10 Portudal Saly na Wikipediji, a Dutch possession between 1633 and 1678, after which it was lost to the Portuguese, was the main base in the region from which the WIC acquired slaves and ivory. In the 1980s, the settlement was developed into a seaside resort.
    • 11 Rufisque Rufisque na Wikipediji (1633-1678), at the time an important harbour and centre of trade.
    • 12 Joal (1633-1678), a similarly noticeable port and centre of trade.
  • Loango-Angolakust (Obala Loango-Angola, poznatiji kao Nizozemska Loango-Angola) bila je kratkotrajna nizozemska kolonija u moderno doba Gabon, Kongo-Brazzaville i Angola. The colony was originally Portugalski, but was captured and controlled by the WIC for seven years between 1641 and 1648. The controlled cities were:
    • 13 Luanda, being the largest city in the 17th century slave trade, Luanda was of much strategic interest to the WIC, which first attempted to take the city and its fort in 1624. This failed, and a second attempt was made some twenty-five years later in 1641. The fort was rebranded to Tvrđava Aardenburgh. The WIC continued the slave trade in the seven years it controlled the city, but during that time, it "only" saw 14,000 slaves transported. The city was not seen as profitable to the Dutch, and thus when Portugal retook the city in 1648, it was decided that Dutch interests in the slave trade would go no further south than Congo.
    • 14 Benguela je također zarobljen istim naporima kao i Luanda 1641. Imala je sličnu priču kao i Luanda. Profits were low, and when the Portuguese came knocking again seven years later, the Dutch didn't consider it to be in their interests to retake the city.
    • 15 Cabinda is more of the same, though it is special in that the WIC kept an agent situated there for the purpose of buying slaves until 1689.
    • 16 Cambambe Tvrđava Kambambe na Wikipediji ili Ensadeira Eiland (Ensadeira Island), notable for not being a coastal town or fort, was settled by the Dutch in 1643 next to a Portuguese factory. The factory was subsequently expanded along the river Cuanza. The settlement turned into a fort, named after the person in charge: Fort Mols. After the Portuguese retook most of the Dutch colony in 1648, the fort was abandoned as well.
    • 17 Coriso Corisco na Wikipediji was captured in 1642, and control was lost to the Portuguese again in 1648. A second attempt at capturing the city to revive the Dutch slave trade was done in the 1680s, but it wasn't successful.
    • 18 Loango Loango, Republika Kongo na Wikipediji was a relatively profitable settlement along the river Congo. Until 1670 there was mostly trade in ivory and copper, after which the slave trade started taking over. Since the trade wasn't as amazing as expected, the settlement was abandoned in 1684. A second attempt to start the trade from here was done in 1721, but the settlement was conquered by locals five years later.
    • 19 Malembo Malembo na Wikipediji was similarly controlled by the WIC during 1641 and 1648. It was considered to be the last profitable settlement in the colony. Mostly ivory, copper and slaves were traded. When the city became Portuguese, the WIC continued trading with the city.
  • Slavenkust (Dutch Slave Coast) ili Nederlands Guinea (Dutch Guinea) most consisted of Dutch factories enabling the Dutch slave trade. Dutch involvement here started around 1640 and ended around 1760. The timeline and exact involvement of the colony aren't as well documented as some of the others. Many factories in the region simply were slowly abandoned over time, with others simply not being listed any longer between documentations on the colony. Quite a few of the dates on the colony's timeline are therefore vague.
    • 20 Allada Allada na Wikipediji (1660-?)
    • 21 Annobon (1641-?)
    • 22 Benin City (1660-1740)
    • 23 Grand-Popo (1660-?)
    • 24 Ouidah (1670-1724)
    • 25 Principe (circa 1589)
    • 26 São Tomé (1641-1648), like most of Laongo-Angola was captured from the Portugalski.
Map of formerly Dutch holdings in Dutch Gold Coast.
Fort Coenraadsburg overlooking the city of Elmina.
  • Nederlandse Goudkust (Dutch Gold Coast) is the most successful of the Dutch African colonies. Regardless of its name, it was for the most part financially dependent on the slave trade, especially near the end of Dutch rule. Most of these slaves were shipped to Curaçao, where they would be sold on markets to work in, amongst others, Dutch Guyana (Suriname). The colony came to an end with the Gold Coast Treaty (1871), in which the Netherlands sold the colony to the English, in return for 47,000 Dutch Guilders, as well as the English vow to not intervene in Dutch attempts to conquer Atjeh. The treaty also dropped the double taxation on British ships in the Dutch Indies, in return for which the Brits revoked their claim on Sumatra. The main settlements and forts in the colony were:
    • 27 Fort Amsterdam Fort Amsterdam, Gana na Wikipediji (1655-1811), rebranded to Fort Cormantine (after Cormantijn or Cormantine, the nearest settlement, known today as Kortmantse) during British rule, who built the fort in 1631. Some thirty years later, in 1665, the fort was captured by Dutch naval hero Michiel de Ruyter as compensation for Dutch forts taken earlier that year. The fort was granted to the WIC, who renamed it. Initially, gold was the main sales product, which was traded against booze, tobacco and guns. Later on, the slave trade would take over. The fort would briefly be under British occupation again from 1782 to 1785. It became Dutch again, but was overrun by native forces in 1811, forcing the Dutch to abandon the fort. The fort's ruins were largely restored in the early 1970s, funded in part by the Dutch government.
    • 28 Fort William III Tvrđava Apollonia na Wikipediji ili Fort Apollonia, founded as a trading post by the Swedish for their short-lived Gold Coast Colony (1655-1657), the settlement quickly fell into English hands, which between 1768 and 1770 extended it to a fort in the nearby limestone rocks through the means of slave labour. Due to the abolition of slavery, the British saw profits from the fort dwindle, and thus left the fort in 1819. The fort became Dutch in 1868, who renamed it after their king, William III. Four years later, the Dutch too left the fort following the Gold Coast Treaty of the year prior. The fort has been bombed by the British the year after, but restored in the late 1960s. The fort has reopened in 2010.
    • 29 Fort Batenstein Fort Batenstein na Wikipediji
    • 30 Carolusburg Dvorac Cape Coast na Wikipediji (ili Cape Coast Castle)
    • 31 Christiansborg Dvorac Osu na Wikipediji
    • 32 Coenraadsburg Fort Coenraadsburg na Wikipediji
    • 33 Crevecœur Ussher Fort na Wikipediji
    • 34 Fort Dorothea
    • 35 Fort Goede Hoop Fort Goede Hoop, Gana na Wikipediji (Fort Good Hope)
    • 36 Fort Hollandia Brandenburger Gold Coast na Wikipediji (ili Groß-Friedrichsburg/Groot Frederiksburg)
    • 37 Fort Leydsaemheyt Fort Patience na Wikipediji (ili Fort Leidzaamheid, Fort Patience)
    • 38 Fort Metalen Kruis Fort Metal Cross na Wikipediji (Fort Metal Cross)
    • 39 Fort Nassau Fort Nassau, Gana na Wikipediji
    • 40 Fort Oranje Fort Orange, Gana na Wikipediji (Fort Orange)
    • 41 Santo Antonio de Axim Utvrda Saint Anthony na Wikipediji (or shortened as Axim)
    • 42 Fort Sint George (ili São Jorge de Mina ili Fort Elmina)
    • 43 San Sebastian Utvrda San Sebastian na Wikipediji (ili Shama/Chama)
    • 44 Fort Singelenburg Tvrđava Prinzenstein na Wikipediji (Fort Moat Fortress, also known as Fort Keta ili Fort Prinzenstein)
    • 45 Vredenburg Fort Vredenburgh na Wikipediji (Fort Peace Fortress)

Asia and Oceania

5°0′0″N 114°39′32″E
Map of formerly Dutch colonies and discoveries in Southeast Asia

Indonezija

Jakarta's history museum, built in 1710 as the city hall of Batavia
  • 1 Ambon (Maluku). The Spice Islands' provincial capital, originally named Nossa Senhora de Anunciada, founded by Portuguese-Moluccan Governor Sancho de Vasconcelos. The Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1609. It has a number of interesting historical and cultural sites, among them the remnants of forts built by the Dutch East Indies Company during the heyday of the spice trade. The ruins of the Portuguese fort at Hila are almost entirely hidden beneath the contorted roots of a giant banyan tree. Ambon (Q18970) na Wikipodacima Ambon, Maluku na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 2 Otoci Banda (Maluku). Izvorno stanište Myristica fragrans stablo, iz kojeg se vade sjemenke mace i muškatni oraščić. First colonized by the Portuguese, were wrested by the Dutch who later fought the Spice Wars with the British. In the Treaty of Breda in 1667, the British agreed to withdraw and gave up Pulau Run to the Dutch, partly in exchange for another small island on the other side of the world: New Amsterdam, now better known as Manhattan. Their capital Banda Neira features the 1661 Fort Belgica, fully restored, close to the ruins of the older and unrestored Fort Nassau. Nizozemska Malacca (Q949314) na Wikipodacima Otoci Banda na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 3 Bengkulu (Sumatra). First conquered by the Dutch in 1682. The British came later, naming the area Bencoolen, and secured a safe anchorage spot for their ships. Their first fort (Fort York) didn’t last very long, leading them to built Fort Marlborough in 1714, which still robustly stands today. In the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, British Bencoolen was ceded in exchange for Dutch Malacca. Bengkulu (Q8042) na Wikipodacima Bengkulu (grad) na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 4 Jakarta (Zapadna Java). Under the name Batavia, it was the capital of the Dutch East Indies, known as the "Queen of the East". However, the Dutch made the mistake of attempting to replicate the home country by digging canals throughout the malarial swamps in the area, resulting in shockingly high death rates and earning the town the epithet "White Man's Graveyard". In the early 1800s, most canals were filled in and the town was shifted 4 km inland. Batavia (Q1199713) na Wikipodacima Batavia, nizozemska Istočna Indija na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)
  • 5 Makassar (Sulavesi). Seized by the VOC in 1667, this spot became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia: copra, rattan, pearls, trepang, sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting the head-rests of upholstered chairs). Arapi, Malezijci, Tajlanđani i Kinezi ovdje su dolazili trgovati. Its central sight nowadays is Fort Rotterdam, an old fortress from Dutch colonial days. Entrance is free. Makassar (Q14634) na Wikipodacima Makassar na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)

Malezija

  • 6 Malacca (Malezija). For 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony. The 3rd VOC Fleet conducted a siege in 1606. It was finally assaulted and conquered by the Dutch with their local allies in January 1641, and governed as a VOC colony until 1825, when it was handed to the British in exchange for the British colonies on Sumatra. Nizozemska Malacca (Q949314) na Wikipodacima Nizozemska Malacca na Wikipediji (ažurirano travnja 2020)

Indija

Map of Dutch Empire

Dutch holdings in and around India consist of three different colonies. These were the Coromandel Coast (Kust van Coromandel) in the modern-day Andhra Pradesh i Tamil Nadu, Dutch Bengal, located roughly in modern-day Bangladeš, and Dutch Ceylon in modern-day Šri Lanka.

  • Coromandel Coast is named for the town of Karimanal, some 50 km (31 mi) from Chennai. In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores near the village and stuck a trade agreement with locals, which is deemed to be the start of the colony. Permission to actually settle the colony came two year later from Queen Eraivi, wife of King Venkata II of Vijayanagara. Cloth was the most exported good from the colony, which was centred around Pulicat. The colony slipped completely from Dutch rule in 1825.
    • 7 Pulicat (Fort Geldria) Fort Geldria na Wikipediji. Having been granted permissions to settle a colony, Fort Geldria was erected in 1613. It was the main city of the colony until 1690, when it moved to Nagapattinam, being reinstated as the capital once Nagapattinam fell into British hands in 1781.
    • 8 Nagapattinam (Fort Vijf Sinnen) Nagapattinam na Wikipediji was captured from the Portuguese in 1658. It was initially made a part of Dutch Ceylon. After the Portuguese fort was reduced to rubble following a flood in 1660, Vijf Sinnen was built anew atop the rubble. This fort then became the new capital of Dutch Coromandel until it fell to the British in 1781.
    • 9 Fort Sadras Sadras na Wikipediji was established in 1612 and upgraded to a full factory in 1654. In 1749 a fort was completed at the site. Like Vijf Sinnen, it was taken by the British in 1781, but unlike Vijf Sinnen, Sadras was returned under the 1784 Treaty of Paris. The factory supplied high-quality cotton and bricks to Batavia and Ceylon.
    • 10 Fort Bheemunipatnam Bheemunipatnam na Wikipediji, settled in 1652, was fortified in 1758. It primarily traded rice, which was shipped to Ceylon.
    • 11 Fort Jaggernaikpoeram became an important centre for the textile trade from 1734 onwards, when it took over this role from Draksharama, which was located further inland.
    • 12 Parangippettai Parangipettai na Wikipediji, being settled in 1608 and abandoned in 1825, is one of the longest-used Dutch factories.
    • 13 Palakol was a trading post for textile, lamp oil, wood, roofing tiles and bricks, which was used from 1613 to 1825, being temporarily abandoned in 1730.
    • 14 Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory in the colony being erected in 1605, eventually being abandoned in 1756.
    • 15 Nizampatnam Nizampatnam na Wikipediji is the second factory settled by the Dutch, being settled in 1606 and abandoned half a century later.
    • 16 Golkonda Utvrda Golconda na Wikipediji was an important staple market to the VOC. The Dutch presence here was expanded with a full factory in 1664. Local unrest saw the trade diminish, which led to the abandonment of the factory in 1733.
    • 17 Puducherry is the outcast on the list, being under Dutch rule for six years. Duning the Nine Years' War, the VOC set out to expand its influence in India, conquering Puducherry from the French in 1693, but returning it to French hands again in 1699.
  • Bengal was another directory of the VOC in India from 1610 to 1800, after which the directory was transformed into a colony under the Dutch crown. Twenty-five years later, the colony would be handed over to the British, following the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. From Bengal, about 50% of all textiles and 80% of all silks traded by the VOC were imported.
    • 18 Pipeli was visited by the VOC from as early as 1627. It ran its local business from here until 1635, after which the unhealthy climate, recurring river floods, and the river's tendency to block up, forced it to relocate. The harbour city saw mostly slaves and saltpeter be traded through it. After 1635, the town was still being traded with as like any other harbour, though there was never a permanent settlement.
    • 19 Baleshwar was located about five miles south of Pipeli, being sailed to by the English from 1633 onward, the French from 1674 onward, and the Danes from 1676. In 1675, the Dutch too opened a factory, which mostly functioned to connect the Bengal and Coromandel. The fort here was built by the British East India Company, though named for the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange, who served beside his wife Mary II as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution.
    • 20 Patna was a considerably small trading post, located some ways land-inward. It was usually staffed with only eight men, trading in saltpeter, cotton and amphonics (raw opiates).
    • 21 Chhapra was established as a saltpeter factory during the 18th century, which was often refined into gunpowder.
    • 22 Cossimbazar (Kasim Bazar) Cossimbazar na Wikipediji was one of the most important Dutch trading posts in the Bengal. Its main export product was silk, which was very desirable in Japan, and sold there for a considerable mark-up. The VOC opened a weaving mill here, which at its height employed around 600 men and women. Cossimbazar also had its own minting office, printing silver rupees, which were used through the Mughal Empire.
    • 23 Daka, centre of the silk trade, saw the arrival of both the Dutch and the British in 1665.
    • 24 Malda was a short-lived trading post. Due to the bad condition of the VOC-housing, as well as the tensions between the traders and the locals, the trading post was quickly closed again.
    • 25 Murshidabad, like Cossimbazar, was used between 1710 and 1759 as a minting office, following up 26 Rajmahal Rajmahal na Wikipediji as a settlement for silver minting. Its hospital was located in nearby 27 Mirzapore.
    • 28 Sherpur saw a temporary VOC office for the silk trade. Its silk, however, was of considerably lesser quality than that of Cassimbar, which was considerably more profitable.
    • The Dutch settlement in 29 Rajshahi Nizozemsko naselje u Rajshahiju na Wikipediji was the first European settlement in the area, having existed during the 18th century. The Dutch settlement, built in 1781, does not leave many traces today, though some, such as 30 Boro Kuthi Boro Kuthi na Wikipediji still stand today and are preserved as cultural heritage sites.
The southern wall of Fort Galle seen from bastion Vlaggeklip towards bastion Utrecht, overlooking the British lighthouse and the Great Mosque.
  • Cejlon was settled by the Zeeland chamber of the VOC in 1602, in order to start trade in cinnamon. The Dutch were welcomed on the island by the king of Kandy, which wanted to get rid of Portuguese influence on the island, and the Dutch sent an envoy to meet the king. Sebald de Weert, who led the envoy, was however murdered in the castle along with several of his accompanying men as they would have insulted the king and some of his servants. This stopped Dutch influence until the king once again reached out to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese in the 1630s. In 1638 a treaty was signed between Kandy and the Dutch, which promised Dutch help in return for trade in cinnamon. Also included in this trade was the promise to split the forts they conquered. The Kandy version said that its king could demand the Dutch to leave their forts when he so desired, whereas the Dutch version did not include this rule, and the Dutch thus took charge of the forts they got out of the treaty. These forts subsequently were used to acquire cheap cinnamon from the king, since he was still indebted to the Dutch.
In March of 1640, the Dutch started conquering the west side of the island. Because the Dutch wouldn't return the forts because of their version of the treaty demanding no such thing from them, the king of Kandy had the leader of the VOC expedition be murdered. This however, did not change his position. The last Portuguese holdings on the island fell in 1658. After the removal of the Portuguese, the relation between Kandy and the Dutch Republic got tenser. The Dutch had to kneel before the king once per year and offer him gifts as to show their allegiance, which got them permission to harvest cinnamon from the island. In 1760, a Kandy revolt broke out against the Dutch, which managed to burn down the city of Kandy, which forced the signing of the 1766 peace, which gave the entire coastline of the island to the Dutch.
In the 1780s, the English got interested in the island as well. The king of Kandy turned to them to rid himself of the Dutch in the same way he turned to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese before. The Dutch held out until 1796, when they had to revoke their efforts for the ongoing revolution at home. The Peace of Amiens of 1802 saw the last Dutch holdings transferred to English hands, thus ending the Dutch influence on the island after two centuries.
  • 31 Tvrđava Galle Utvrda Galle na Wikipediji, taken from the Portuguese in 1640, is one of the foremost holdings of the Dutch on the island. The fort as well as the old city are well-preserved UNESCO-listed sights.
  • 32 Tvrđava Batticaloa Utvrda Batticaloa na Wikipediji
  • 33 Tvrđava Jaffna Jaffna Fort na Wikipediji
  • 34 Unawatuna Governor's House
  • 35 Negombo is a city on Sri Lanka's west coast, featuring the remains of a former Dutch fort, Dutch waterways and a former Dutch cemetery.
  • 36 Colombo Crkva Wolvendaal na Wikipediji, the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, features a Dutch governor's house, a museum about VOC involvement, as well as the Wolvendaalsche Kerk, an impressive church built by the VOC, featuring some ornate decorations remembering of Dutch involvement in the city.
  • Other forts and buildings left behind by the Dutch can be found the length and width of the island, mostly centring around the coastal holdings. Furthermore, you might run into a Burgher during your journey to Sri Lanka. They are a minority on the island, being descendants from European settlers and indigenous populations. They have mostly emigrated to Australia after Sri Lankan independence in 1947, though the island counted about 40,000 burghers as of 1982.
The city of Cochin (Kochi) in 1665, two years after falling into Dutch hands.
  • Malabar was a commandment of the VOC in India, situated on the Obala Malabar. The region fell into the Dutch sphere of influence following the capture of Portuguese Quilon, and ended with British occupation in 1795. The main reason for taking the Portuguese colony were mostly fuelled by a wish to secure Dutch Ceylon from Portuguese interference, the lucrative pepper trade in the region definitely played a role as well. After invasions of Goa failed in 1604 and 1639, the Dutch instead went for secondary posts along the Malabar Coast. Over time, these included:
    • 37 Fort Cochin Fort Kochi na Wikipediji (1663 - 1795) was the main outpost of the Dutch along the Malabar Coast, it being the capital of the commandment. The Dutch mostly reduced the prevalence of Portuguese elements over their stay in the region, reducing the size of the Portuguese town, the fort and destroying most Portuguese-built public buildings. The harbour, piers and many other naval trade-related elements in the city were strongly developed, however. Among this is Bolgatty Palace Palača Bolgatty na Wikipediji, one of the oldest Dutch palaces outside of the Netherlands themselves, being built in 1744.
    • 38 Fort Cranganore Fortaleza da São Tomé na Wikipediji (1662 - 1770) was a small city with a small fort, yet of notable military importance, being of tactical importance to Cochin. Initially the fort was given to the Zamorin of Calicut in return for his alliance with the Dutch, though starting in 1666, the Dutch started renovating the fort for their own purposes.
    • 39 Fort Pallipuram Utvrda Pallipuram na Wikipediji (1661 - 1789) was of similar strategic importance to Cochin, but was sold to the Kingdom of Travancore in 1789.
    • 40 Purakkad Purakkad na Wikipediji (1662 - ?), a factory run under direct control from Cochin.
    • 41 Fort Quilon Utvrda St Thomas na Wikipediji (1661 - 1795) was the first Portuguese fort to be captured by the Dutch in late 1663. It served as the commandment's capital until the capture of Cochin less than two years later.
    • 42 Kayamkulam (1661 - ?), a factory under direct control from Quilon.
    • 43 Fort Cannanore Utvrda St. Angelo na Wikipediji (1663 - 1790), captured in early 1663, was a proper harbour city with a strong stone fort, giving it strategic leverage.
    • 44 Vengurla (1637 - 1693), preceding Dutch rule in any of the other places on this list, Vengurla fell under direct control from Batavia (Jakarta) and precedes the establishment of the Malabar commandment by several decades. The factory was founded in order to facilitate spying on the Portuguese in Goa. From 1673, it was a part of Dutch Surate, and from 1676 onward became a part of Dutch Malabar.
    • 45 Barselor (1667 - 1682) was established through a treaty with a local ruler. The non-reinforced factory traded in rice and pepper and was closed and abandoned in 1682 following problems with local merchants.
  • Suratte, centred and named for the modern-day city of Surat, this directorate of the East India Company consisted of mostly factories. The area was taken by the Dutch as the sultan of Aceh refused them to buy any more cheap cotton, forcing the Dutch to look elsewhere. The colony diminished in importance around 1759, favouring the British-held city of Bombay instead. With the 1795 Kew Letters, which transferred Dutch ownership of many colonies to the British, the colony came more or less to a permanent end, though the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 granted the remains of the colony to the Dutch, with the 1824 treaty of the same name permanently dividing East Asia into Dutch and British spheres of influence, which was the final nail in the coffin for the colony, being permanently transferred to the British on December 21st, 1825.
  • 46 Suratte (1616-1825), the first trade post and most notable Dutch settlement in the colony, being founded in 1616 by cloth merchant Pieter van den Broecke. The factory's role diminished a lot after the British took the nearby city of Suratte. The post was transferred to the British in the Kew Letters, after which it was briefly controlled by the Dutch from 1818 to 1825.
  • 47 Ahmedabad (1617-1744) was a notable Dutch port, which eventually was abandoned in 1744 due to the diminishing of the East India Company.
  • 48 Agra (1621-1720) is a notable Dutch settlement. The town was a good month and a half from the city of Suratte, and was therefore rarely visited by inspectors of the VOC. The factory therefore saw a lot of private trading, which was forbidden according to VOC codes of conduct. The rampant corruption in the city made traders willing to isolate them this much from the outside world filthy rich.
  • 49 Cambay (1617-1643) was a relatively short-lived port. Ships were unable to dock at low tide, meaning that when a problem with local merchants occurred in 1643, the factory was closed.

Japan

Mid-1830s view of the Nagasaki harbour, with Dejima in the centre-left.

Japan is fairly well-known to have been closed to the outside world for a large part of its history. The main exception to the rule were the Dutch, specifically the VOC, which had gained the ability to found two factories in 50 Hirado Hirado, Nagasaki na Wikipediji (1609 - 1641) and 51 Dejima Dejima na Wikipediji (1641 - 1860), both lying in the modern-day prefecture of Nagasaki. The Dutch, being the sole western influence in the whole of Japan, came in contact with Japan during the Edo shogunate. The Dutch brought, amongst other things, many books to Japan, which stimulated an interest in Western learning, called "rangaku" or "Dutch learning". Especially around the time of Japan opening up to the rest of the world under force of the Ujedinjene države in 1853, the Dutch influence weakened the reigning Edo shogunate, which helped contribute to its fall.

The two trading posts, both located in Nagasaki, followed each other, with the Dutch transferring from Hirado to Dejima in 1641. The latter was a specially constructed artificial island. On Hirado specifically, you can find the 2011 reconstruction of a warehouse belonging to the former 52 Dutch Trading Post and nearby Dutch Wall. The warehouse itself was built in 1637 or 1639, and almost immediately torn down in 1639, as the building contained stonework depicting the Christian year date of construction, which at the time was disapproved of by the Tokugawa shogunate.

Dejima is where a lot of Dutch influences came into Japanese culture. Amongst other things, the Dutch introduced the Japanese to beer, coffee and chocolate, but also cabbage, tomatoes, the piano, clovers, photography, billiards and photography. The island has since been given a designated status as national historic site in 1922, and restoration was started in 1953, which ended up not going very far. In 1996, the island's shape was more or less restored, and some 25 buildings were restored in their 19th-century state. This was followed by another five buildings in 2000, and six more in 2017. The long-term plans for Dejima are for it to be fully surrounded by water again, thus being restored as an island, but as of 2020, that plan is very much still in progress.

The Kankō-maru in the Yokohama harbour.

Good relations between the Dutch and the Japanese continued until the Dutch left Nagasaki at the end 1859. This shows in the "Watermannen" (Water men), who were Dutch hydraulic and civic engineers sent to Japan in the 1870s. These men were a part of a larger influx of western knowledge from larger countries like the US, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, though the Dutch were specifically called in for water management and civic engineering. Some twenty years earlier, the Dutch also provided Japan with its first steam-powered warship, which was built in the Netherlands as Soembing, though it was renamed to Kankō-maru when taken into Japanese service. Additionally, quite a few words of scientific or western nature have been adapted from the respective Dutch words, and are retained in speech to this day.

Tajvan

The southern part of Taiwan was colonised by the Dutch from 1624-1662. The Dutch would eventually be defeated by Ming Dynasty loyalist Zheng Chenggong, perhaps better known in the West as Koxinga, who set up the Kingdom of Tungning, from which he hoped to conquer the mainland and re-establish the Ming Dynasty. His son would subsequently be defeated by the Manchu-Chinese Qing Dynasty, resulting in Taiwan being incorporated into the Qing empire.

  • 53 Tainan was the site of the first Dutch settlement in Taiwan, and the de facto capital of Dutch Formosa. It retained its status as the capital of Taiwan for much the Qing Dynasty, before the capital got shifted to Taipei in the late 19th century. Today, the ruins of several Dutch forts remain in Tainan and can be visited. Among them are the former Fort Zeelandia, today known as Anping Fort, and the former Fort Providentia, today known as Chih-kan Tower.

Oceanija

Map of Dutch Empire
The route of Abel Tasman's 1642 and 1644 voyages in the service of the VOC

Many ships using the Roaring Fourties to get to Indonesia got wrecked off the coast of New Holland, modern-day Western Australia. On November 1642, 1 Tasmanija was "discovered" and claimed by VOC commander Abel Tasman, exploring from Mauricijus under orders of Anthony van Diemen, governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. Tasman named it "Van Diemen's Land", after his patron. Rt i skupina otoka na sjeveru Novi Zeland još uvijek nazivaju imenima koja je Tasman dao u toku. Navodno je stigao Fidži i Laka dvokolica, later returning to Batavia. Njegovo drugo putovanje dogodilo se 1644. godine; he mapped a part of Australia's northern coast, but failed to find Torres Strait and a possible trade route, and the expedition was deemed a failure.

  • 2 Rottnest Island, now a famous nature reserve 18 km (11 mi) from Perth, Rottnest Island was named by Dutch sailors in 1658, believing the local marsupial quokka were large rats (Hence "Rats' Nest Island").
  • 3 Houtman Abrolhos. The name of this group of islands is a weird mix between Portuguese and Dutch created by Frederik de Houtman, the first European to discover and name them (1619). Houtman was semi-fluent in many languages, and the accepted theory is that, for the lack of a better Dutch word, he chose the Portuguese nautical slang Abrolhos ("open your eyes", meaning "look out for reefs and rocks around here") to clearly express a mariner's point.
The islands saw two major shipwrecks over time: first in 1629, when the Batavia ran aground on its maiden voyage. A group of men stayed behind on the island while some went to Batavia using the open rescue boat to get help. A group of the men left behind went on to massacre many of the others, following a mutiny. When rescue forces came back to pick up the rest of the group, many were found dead, including the culprit. Some of the culprits still alive were left behind on the mainland, never to be seen again, making them the first European inhabitants of Australia in recorded history. It is speculated that they or other Europeans with similar fates are the explanation behind the strangely European-looking aboriginals that were discovered during Australia's colonial times.
Similarly, yet less dramatic, the Zeewijk wrecked on the coast of the island group in 1727. Chaos ensued during the ten months that most of the crew was left behind, trying to survive. The wrecked ship was used to create a rescue craft dubbed the Sloepie (Little Dinghy), which carried 88 towards Batavia. Of them, six died along the way, leaving only 82 of the initial 208 on board to survive the wreck.
  • 4 Cape Leeuwin Rt Leeuwin na Wikipediji, the most southwestern mainland point of the Australian continent, named by English navigator Matthew Flinders after the first known ship to have visited the area, the Leeuwin ("Lioness"). The logs of the Leeuwin though, are lost to history. The 1627 map that does remain of its voyage is believed to have mapped the area around the somewhat more northern Hamelin Bay; the cape itself is not identifiable on this map.
  • 5 Arnhem Land, like Cape Leeuwin, it was also named by Matthew Flinders after the ship known or speculated to have first visited the area, De Arnhem (after the eponymous city in the eastern Netherlands). The region has been made into a reservation for the Yolgnu, one of Australia's biggest native tribes.

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