Planiranje leta - Planning your flight

Ovaj je članak dio serije koja objašnjava standardne postupke, pravila i ostale osnove programa putujući zrakoplovom. Pomoću strelice u nastavku prijeđite na sljedeći članak: U zračnoj luci →

Za neke ljude letenje je prilika da vide svijet i to u velikom stilu, uzdižući se iznad Zemlje, ali drugima prilika da satima sjede u neposrednoj blizini stotina drugih ljudi nije dobra. Kakav god bio vaš pogled na ovaj oblik prijevoza, on je uistinu moderan fenomen putovanja. Na nekim je rutama puko postojanje zrakoplovstva gotovo eliminiralo sve alternativne načine putovanja, posebno oceanski brodovi pa prema tome neka odredišta nisu praktično dostupna na bilo koji drugi način.

Odabir leta

Ako smatrate letjeti, možda imate izbor između nekoliko ruta, letova i zračnih linija.

Zračne luke

Vidi također: Šifre aerodroma u gradskom području

Pogledajte sve zračne luke na razumnoj udaljenosti od kopna. U gradovima poput Londona, veće zračne luke poput Heathrow i Gatwick nude više međunarodnih zrakoplovnih prijevoznika s salonima i zračnim mostovima, dok noviji Luton i Stansted zračne luke opslužuju proračunske prijevoznike na kratke relacije, s manje trgovina i salona koji se plaćaju, a dalje su od središta grada. Neki sustavi prodaje karata omogućuju vam pretraživanje pomoću koda koji pokriva više od jedne zračne luke.

Prijevoz željeznicom i autobusom može biti praktičan čak i na velike udaljenosti; na primjer Zračna luka Tokio Narita ima željezničke veze s većim dijelom Japana. Dobro povezana zračna luka može biti najbolja opcija čak i za susjedne zemlje. Bečka međunarodna zračna luka ne služi samo istočnoj Austriji, već i obližnjim provincijama u Češkoj, Slovačkoj i Mađarskoj.

Odredišta

Općenito se isplati dvostruko provjeriti je li karta koju ste kupili za let koji ide do vašeg stvarnog odredišta, jer više gradova često može imati isto ime. Na primjer, San Jose se može odnositi na grad u Sjedinjenim Državama, grad u Meksiku ili glavni grad Kostarike. Bilo je čak slučajeva da su putnici koji su krenuli prema Sydneyu u Australiji pogrešno kupili kartu za Sydney u Kanadi koji je udaljen 17.056 km (10.598 milja). Provjeri Kod zračne luke vašeg odredišta, kao i mjesto polaska i transfere.

Neposredno, izravno ili tranzitno

Izravno u odnosu na non-stop U zrakoplovnom svijetu, a direktno let znači da koristi isti broj leta, ali usput još uvijek postoji usputna stanica - to znači da ćete možda morati iskrcati zrakoplov s ručnom prtljagom, a u zemljama poput SAD-a čak proći kroz imigraciju. Potražite neprekidno let ako jednim letom želite doći od točke A do točke B.

Ako je ili polazna ili odredišna zračna luka prometno čvorište, a odredišta nisu na drugom kraju svijeta, postoji šansa da pronađete let bez prestanka. Alternativa je a tranzitni put, gdje se povezujete između dva ili više letova.

Let bez prestanka obično je najbrža i najprikladnija ruta. Međutim, možda neće biti jeftiniji ili će se bolje uklopiti u vaš raspored, npr. Ako su direktni letovi rijetki. Tranzitne rute znače da ćete se zaustaviti negdje na putu do odredišta. "Vezni" ili "tranzitni" letovi zahtijevaju da napustite taj zrakoplov i prijeđete do ulaza u zračnu luku, bez zahtjeva za prijavljenom prtljagom.

Vjerojatno potpuno usredotočeni na maksimalnu ekonomiju leta, letačke veze vrlo povremeno uključuju različite zrakoplovne tvrtke, čak različite zračne luke, npr. sletite u San Fransisco, Kalifornija (SFO), s daljnjim putovanjem iz Oaklanda. Pažljivo pogledajte bilo koju takvu ponudu:

• Ako druga zrakoplovna kompanija u istoj zračnoj luci (osim ako ne dijele kodove), trebat će vam najmanje nekoliko sati između dolaska da biste preuzeli svoju prtljagu, prenijeli je na ponovnu provjeru u drugoj zrakoplovnoj tvrtki i ponovno prošli kroz osiguranje.
• Ako morate otići u drugu zračnu luku, razmislite o noćenju; izazovi kod takvih transfera mogu značiti propušteni let ... zahtijevanje kupnje nove karte ... ako let ima mjesta.
• Neuspjeh u ispunjavanju bilo koje od ovih komplikacija može značiti gubljenje očekivane ekonomije.
• Ako planirate svoj plan putovanja, ako kupujete zasebne karte za svaki let, učinite to ne kombinirajte letove s premalo vremena između planiranog dolaska vašeg prvog leta i odlaska vašeg poveznog leta. To je osobito važno za interkontinentalne letove između velikih i prometnih zračnih luka, gdje postoji puno čimbenika koji mogu odgoditi letove i ometati vas u kretanju u povezujućoj zračnoj luci. Predvidite najmanje 2-3 sata kako biste omogućili "uobičajena" kašnjenja. Ako sve bude išlo po planu, sjedit ćete dodatnih sat ili dva, dok ako planirate premalo vremena i propustite vezu, možete očekivati ​​gnjavažu i troškove, a sjest ćete i puno duže.

Vrijeme polaska i dolaska

Ako je datum leta fleksibilan, a ni polazak ni odredište nisu usred ničega, često možete birati između dnevnih letova. Prometna ruta ima mnogo letova dnevno.

Pri rezervaciji letova imajte na umu da što se tiče rasporeda letova, novi dan započinje u 12 ponoći. Na primjer, ako je let zakazan za polazak u 00:10 1. travnja, morat ćete biti u zračnoj luci do 22:10, 31. ožujka da biste se prijavili. Mnogi putnici su propustili letove zbog ove zbrke okrenuvši se da provjere umjesto toga u 22:10, 1. travnja.

Iako poslovni ili vikend putnik može imati malo izbora, strpljivi putnik obično može pronaći jeftiniji let. Po pravilu, ponedjeljak ujutro, petak navečer i veći blagdani i događaji imaju tendenciju biti prebukirani; ta vremena nisu samo skuplja, već i manje ugodna kako na brodu, u zračnoj luci, tako i u zračnoj luci.

Vrijeme polaska i dolaska utječe na dostupnost aerodromskog prijevoza i pogodnosti. Ako otputujete ili stignete usred noći, mogli biste se satima naći nasukani u bilo kojoj zračnoj luci, a malo je otvorenih trgovina i restorana, ako ih ima.

Ako dobro spavate u zrakoplovima ili si možete priuštiti poslovnu klasu, let preko noći štedi vrijeme, kao i troškove noćenja u hotelu. Pazi se vremenske zone i mlazno zaostajanje, iako.

zrakoplovne kompanije

Vidi također: Letite na povoljnim # Legacy airlines, Letite na proračunu # Budget airlines

Iako se zrakoplovne tvrtke razlikuju u cijeni, kvaliteti i ugledu, oni se grubo mogu podijeliti u ove kategorije:

• A naslijeđeni nosač, također nazvan a glavna zrakoplovna tvrtka ili prijevoznik s punom uslugom, zrakoplovna je tvrtka čiji su troškovi i razina usluge iznad prosjeka čak i za ekonomsku klasu (iako se mogu naći povoljne cijene). Putnici mogu dodatno platiti sjedala u poslovnoj klasi, a neki zrakoplovi imaju prvu klasu. Mnoge od ovih zrakoplovnih kompanija imaju naslijeđe iz vremena kada je let bio luksuz.
  • A nosač zastave ili nacionalni zračni prijevoznik je naslijeđeni prijevoznik koji je ili je nekad bio u vlasništvu nacionalne vlade. Neki su vrlo stari (KLM i Avianca u letu su od 1919. godine), ali danas se bore ostati konkurentni. Nositelj zastave obično dominira matičnom zračnom lukom, gdje bi sami mogli imati cijeli terminal. U određenim regijama, posebno u Perzijskom zaljevu, nosači zastava i dalje su u vlasništvu ili su usko povezani s nacionalnom vladom, a vjerojatno su i korisnici mnogih otvorenih i skrivenih subvencija. Osobito su se zaljevski prijevoznici prodali kao luksuzne marke.
• A proračunska zrakoplovna kompanija, niskotarifni prijevoznik, startup zrakoplovna tvrtka ili nosač bez naknada nudi najmanje kopna i usluge u letu. Dodatne naknade za rezervaciju i uslugu prijave (osim ako se rezerviraju putem interneta i plaćaju unaprijed), osiguranja, prtljaga, odabir sjedala, obroci, pa čak i voda, mogu ukupno koštati više od same karte. Ti prijevoznici obično nisu dio zrakoplovnog saveza i često nailaze na manje prometne zračne luke, daleko od nominalnog odredišta. Obično povoljne zrakoplovne tvrtke prodaju samo karte od točke do točke, ne preuzimajući odgovornost za propuštene veze. Ako planirate stići kasno navečer, zračni prijevoz možda će biti zatvoren danju bez naknade. Kad je let prepun putnika, postoji mogućnost da dio prtljage ne leti zajedno s putnicima te da stigne kasnije drugim letom.
• A regionalni avioprijevoznik prometuje na manje putovanim rutama, obično manjim zrakoplovima. Neki od njih su u vlasništvu ili su povezani s naslijeđenim prijevoznikom. Očekujte da će cijene na tim rutama biti veće od cijena između glavnih čvorišta za istu prijeđenu udaljenost.
• A čarter zrakoplovna kompanija izdaje zrakoplove klijentu, kao što je agent za putovanja. Dok oni dominiraju pribjeći tržište leta, letovi se oglašavaju putem turističke agencije, tako da robne marke zrakoplovnih kompanija nisu dobro poznate u javnosti.
• Opće zrakoplovstvo uključuje sve vrste nepredviđenog civilnog zrakoplovstva, poput poslovnih zrakoplova i zrakoplova s ​​grmljem. Korisni su za VIP-a u žurbi ili za dosezanje izoliranih mjesta.

Ime zrakoplovne tvrtke može biti varljivo: Norveški nije prijevoznik norveške zastave, već neovisni proračunski zračni prijevoznik (iako pristojan), i Hong Kong Airlines nije nositelj zastave Hong Konga (ta čast pripada Cathay Pacificu). China Airlines sa sjedištem u Tajvanu.

U ekonomskoj klasi, linija između naslijeđenih i proračunskih zrakoplovnih kompanija sve je više zamagljena, a posebno na letovima unutar Sjedinjenih Država i, u manjoj mjeri Europi, koji lete u ekonomskoj klasi na naslijeđenom zrakoplovu, općenito pruža istu razinu napora usluga kao proračunski prijevoznik, a morat ćete letjeti prvom ili poslovnom klasom da biste stekli iskustvo pune usluge.

An zrakoplovni savez je mreža zračnih prijevoznika koja pruža međunarodne veze. Savezi se često koriste dijeljenje kodova, gdje letove rezervirane preko jedne zrakoplovne kompanije obavlja drugi, sa bitno drugačijim zrakoplovom.

Postoji nekoliko ocjena kvalitete zrakoplovnih kompanija (poput Skytrax) koji vam mogu pomoći da shvatite kako se zrakoplovne tvrtke uspoređuju po razinama usluge, pravodobnosti i udobnosti. Takve su ocjene jedan od pokazatelja, ali neke su ocjene pod kritikom upućenih osoba u zračnom prometu, npr. Cranky Flyer ili kad se komentari / ocjene korisnika ne slažu s ukupnom ocjenom zvjezdica.

Što se tiče sigurnosti i sigurnosti, Europska unija održava a popis zrakoplovnih prijevoznika izričito zabranjuje svoj zračni prostor i premda su neke od tih zabrana nedvojbeno povezane s politikom, ipak daju dobar pokazatelj koji zračni prijevoznici možda nisu u skladu sa zapadnim sigurnosnim standardima.

Modeli zrakoplova

Ako ste se odlučili za rutu, obično nema puno izbora između različitih modela zrakoplova, jer veličina zrakoplova uglavnom ovisi o prijeđenoj udaljenosti i količini prometa. Koriste se kraće i tiše rute usko tijelo zrakoplov s jednim prolazom i do 6 sjedećih mjesta; dok su duže i prometnije rute šator za upotrebu široko tijelo zrakoplov s dva prolaza i 7 do 10 sjedećih mjesta. Međutim, na nekim relativno kratkim rutama, ali velike gustoće (poput transkontinentalnih letova u Sjedinjenim Državama, letova između dviju zrakoplovnih kompanija / čvorišta saveza i mnogih letova između glavnih gradova Istočne i Jugoistočne Azije), mogu se pronaći i manji i veći zrakoplovi. Veći zrakoplovi imaju tendenciju da budu udobniji, sa širim sjedalima (čak i onima u poslovnoj klasi i višim), zabavom u letu, pa čak i obrocima. Obično uzimanje većeg zrakoplova nije skuplje od manjeg zrakoplova iste zrakoplovne tvrtke, ali nije uvijek i najjeftinija opcija.

Danas zrakoplovne tvrtke rijetko hvale svoje modele, osim ako nisu vrhunske, poput Airbusa A350 ili Boeinga 787. Iako su noviji avioni općenito nešto ugodniji i tiši, malo će putnika, ali entuzijasti primijetit će razliku između glavnih zrakoplovnih linija.

Na velikom su tržištu komercijalnih zrakoplova samo dva glavna igrača: Airbus sa sjedištem u Europi sa svojom linijom A3xx (A320, A330, A350 i A380) i Boeing sa sjedištem u Sjedinjenim Državama sa svojom linijom 7x7 (737, 747, 777 , 787). Na "kratkim poskocima" i "skakačima za lokvu" pronaći ćete druge proizvođače poput ATR-a, Bombardiera i Embraera. Krajem 2010. Embraer je preuzeo Boeing, a Bombardier je prodao većinu svojih zrakoplovnih projekata Airbusu i Mitsubishiju. Ipak, avioni pod imenima tih proizvođača, kao i nestale tvrtke poput McDonnell-Douglasa, još uvijek se mogu naći u letu. Bushovi avioni i druga vozila opće avijacije još uvijek proizvodi širi spektar tvrtki, a Cessna i Gulfstream su neke od najpoznatijih.

Trošak

Vidi također: Letjeti na proračunu

Očito je da je vožnja prvom i poslovnom klasom skupa, ali čak i ekonomske karte na istoj ruti mogu se razlikovati čak i kao faktor 5. Mogli biste se suočiti s kompromisima, uključujući

• Prilike za reprogramiranje ili povrat novca
• Prtljaga naknade ili veće naknade za prtljagu
• Sjedeći unutar klase kabine
• Obroci, piće i usluga na brodu
• Objekti za prijavu ili provjera prtljage do krajnjeg odredišta
• Letna kilometraža ili prirast bodova

Čak i naslijeđeni prijevoznici mogu naplaćivati ​​druge pogodnosti i usluge, čak i ako ste kupili puna cijena ekonomska karta. Pretplata za ove usluge ili sadržaje putem interneta, tamo gdje su dostupne, može biti jeftinija. Ako se internetska promocija ili prodajno mjesto ne nalaze u Europskoj uniji ili SAD-u, oglašena cijena ne mora uključivati ​​poreze i druge dodatke. Te cijene mogu se nadopuniti za prtljagu, obroke i druge stvari. Općenito, "dodaci", kao što su rezervacija sjedala, obroci, prtljaga, prioritetni ukrcaj i slično, jeftiniji su kada se rezerviraju zajedno s kartom i skuplji kada se rezerviraju kasnije na ulazu ili na ulaz.

Traženje jeftinih karata

Zrakoplovne tvrtke pokušavaju letjeti punim avionima kako bi maksimalizirale prihod za svaki let; zatim preuzimaju ponuda i potražnja, upravljanje prinosom i konkurencija. Rezultat mogu biti velike razlike u cijenama zrakoplovnih karata, ovisno o datumu leta, vremenu rezervacije i plaćanja te klasi karte.

• Rezervirajte rano. Kako se popusti i jeftine satove brzo popunjavaju, karte s vremenom poskupljuju. Također, nemate pravo na posebnu pogodbu dok ne platite kartu (e). Dani ultra jeftinog zadnji trenutak ponude nisu u potpunosti gotove, ali uglavnom su dostupne preko prodavača koji žele povratiti novac na svom potopljenom ulaganju neiskorištenih kontingenata i mogu se isplatiti samo ako su u paketu s smještajem ili drugim stvarima koje nisu povezane sa samim letom. Ako ste dovoljno fleksibilni u odredištu i možete živjeti s tim da uopće ne letite ili plaćate više nego što ste se nadali, last minute vam i dalje ponekad može donijeti neke povoljne cijene.
• Praznici su vremena velike potražnje. Svjetske velike igre uključuju kraj prosinca do početka siječnja i srpanj – kolovoz. Pripazite na lokalne praznike, poput Zlatnih tjedana u Kina i Japan ili Uskrsni tjedan (semana santa) u Latinskoj Americi. Letovi za stvarne blagdanske dane, poput Božića, često se snižavaju, kao i letovi protiv najvećeg protoka putovanja, poput letova iz Saudijske Arabije za vrijeme hadža.
• Tranzitni letovi često može biti jeftinija od izravne rute, pogotovo ako je spomenuta izravna ruta popularna.
• Poslovni putnici traže ponedjeljak ujutro i petak navečer, a donekle i nedjeljne večernje letove povratnike koji putuju u slobodno vrijeme.
• Povoljne zrakoplovne tvrtke mogu ponuditi jeftine karte. Međutim, dodatne naknade mogu povećati konačni trošak.
• Uzmite u obzir troškove, vrijeme i gnjavažu prijevoza iz zračne luke - željeznički zračni savezi može otvoriti mnoge polazne zračne luke bez dodatnih troškova ili bez dodatnih troškova, dok vas proračunske zrakoplovne tvrtke mogu prisiliti na sat vremena vožnje autobusom do boondocks-a kako biste stigli do njihove zračne luke.
• Negativne vijesti o odredištu očito utječu na cijenu putovanja tamo. Iako bi bilo glupo letjeti u ratnu zonu i možda biste htjeli sami prosuditi želite li letjeti do mjesta gdje se stanje ljudskih prava pogoršalo, možda se imaju povoljne cijene za mjesta koja su u posljednje vrijeme dobila mnogo lošeg tiska - čak i neopravdano.

Tamo su internetske usluge treće strane koji uspoređuju avionske karte. Mnoge zrakoplovne tvrtke jamče najjeftinije avionske karte na svojim web mjestima, a neovisne web stranice mogu naplatiti naknadu za svoje usluge.

• Da biste pronašli jeftini let / let, ne mora biti dobro provjeriti jedan od alata za usporedbu, kao što je npr. flylowcostairlines.org.
• Za međunarodna putovanja najbolje ponude možete postići rezervacijom kod agenta na početnoj točki. Ali isprobajte web stranice za pretraživanje putovanja kao što su Momondo i Vayama kako biste razumjeli troškove, frekvencije letova, rute, vremena povezivanja i ukupna vremena na putu. Ako ste student ili ste mlađi od 26 godina ili stariji od 65 godina, neka su web mjesta i agenti prilagođeni da vam nude niske cijene.

Upotreba različitih web mjesta za pretraživanje leta može rezultirati različitim rezultatima, npr. Neke web stranice naplaćuju naknade za rezervaciju putem njih. Uvijek isprobajte i web mjesto zrakoplovne tvrtke. Web stranice za pretraživanje leta mogu u nekim slučajevima biti jeftinije, ali sve više zrakoplovne tvrtke žele ponuditi najjeftiniju cijenu za svoje karte na vlastitom web mjestu.

Česti letači

Vidi također: Česti letački programi

Mnoge zrakoplovne tvrtke nude a česti letak program vjernosti, nagrađivanje pokrovitelja na temelju segmenti, bodova, milja ili troškovi leta. Poslovni putnici i putnici prve klase mogu dobiti bonus milje za svako putovanje.

Razmislite o tome da se pridružite programu čestog letača - pogotovo ako puno letite. Cijena je da se vaši podaci profiliraju i koriste za oglašavanje. Brošure se dijele u zračnoj luci, avionskom salonu ili na blagajni zrakoplovne tvrtke. Najčešći letački programi ne naplaćuju naknadu, ali neki poput Cathay Pacific Marco Polo Cluba to čine, u zamjenu za nekoliko pogodnosti kao što su namjenski brojači za prijavu i prioritetno ukrcavanje.

Nagrade za česte letake mogu uključivati:

• Besplatni letovi i nadogradnje. Možda ćete još uvijek morati platiti porez i prirez. Zrakoplovne tvrtke često ograničavaju broj sjedala ili nadogradnje koje se mogu dobiti "nagradama" ... posebno na letovima na prometnim linijama.
• Otkup besplatnih dodataka (poput robe široke potrošnje i hotelskih boravaka) za ostale partnere koji ne lete.
• S mnogo bodova možete postati elitni člani primite pogodnosti kao što su prijava na šalteru prve / poslovne klase, rano ukrcavanje, prioritet na listama čekanja, besplatne nadogradnje i pristup saloni u zračnoj luci. Saloni su također dostupni i vlasnicima nekih kreditnih kartica.

Nisu sve cijene prihvatljive za zarađivanje milja. Možete zatražiti milje za letove do 12 mjeseci nakon što ste ih preuzeli, sve dok ste bili član kada je let izveden, ali morate uštedjeti smetnje na ukrcajnim propusnicama. Lakše se prijaviti koristeći broj čestog letača prije rezervacije.

Travelgrove's je meta pretraživač milja koji se mogu zaraditi za svaki let. U suradnji s MileBlasterom dostupni su i dodaci poput bonusa na kreditnim karticama, hotelskih bonusa, posebnih ponuda. Rezultati se mogu poredati prema postotku besplatnog leta koji se može dobiti rezervacijom određenog leta.

Zrakoplovni savezi može omogućiti prijenos milja između zračnih prijevoznika.

Možda ćete potražiti bodove od drugi izvori; posebno kreditne kartice. Hotelski boravci, iznajmljivanje automobila, pa čak i računi za mobitel također vam mogu prikupiti bodove.

Rezervacija i prodaja ulaznica

Fonetska abeceda - korisna je Kada nazovete zrakoplovnu kompaniju ili putničku agenciju radi uvođenja promjena, najbrži način da pronađete kartu je reći rezervacijskom agentu da ćete im dati svoj Zapis imena putnika (PNR) i ispišite to s pomoću NATO fonetska abeceda (Alpha, Bravo, CHarlie, Delta, Echo, Fekstrot, Golf, Hhotel, Jandia, Juliet, Kilo, Lima, Mike, Nvikenda, Oožiljak, Strapa, Puebec, Romeo, SIerra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, x-zraka, Yankee, Zulu). To je puno lakše nego pokušati napisati svoje prezime i steći ćete trenutno poštovanje zbog zvuka profesionalca.

Rezervacija leta na stari način, putem šaltera ili telefonom, postupak je u dva koraka.

Prvo napravite a rezervacija. Zrakoplovna tvrtka će držite mjesto za vas do određenog datuma, obično tjedan dana ili malo više. Ako ne platite prije isteka roka, rezervacija se otkazuje. Rezervacije se mogu slobodno mijenjati i otkazivati, što je korisno ako plan puta nije siguran. Dobit ćete alfanumerički kod dugačak šest znakova koji se zove referenca imena putnika ili PNR koje citirate za kupnju karte.

• Rezervirano mjesto bit će navedeno kao potvrdio u vašoj rezervaciji i neće biti oduzeti dok ne istekne vremensko ograničenje. Međutim, još ne možete letjeti dok ne kupite kartu. Možete potvrditi samo jedno mjesto u svakom smjeru po karti.
• Ako je let u potpunosti rezerviran, ali želite pokušati ući na njega, možete napraviti na listi čekanja rezervacija. Ako se lista čekanja "očisti" (netko drugi otkaže i vi dobijete svoje mjesto), rezervacija s liste čekanja postaje potvrđena i vaša prethodno potvrđena mjesta na drugim letovima se otkazuju. Obično možete na listu čekanja staviti više letova, ali stvarno jeftine nepromjenjive karte možda uopće ne dopuštaju listu čekanja.

Pretvaranje rezervacije u stvarnu kartu, izdavanje karta, zahtijeva plaćanje ili otkup čestim letačkim točkama / miljama. Ovisno o vrsti karte - na vašu se kartu sada mogu primjenjivati ​​neka ili sva sljedeća ograničenja:

• nepromjenjiv/neobnovljiv: ne možete promijeniti vrijeme i datum leta (bez plaćanja velike naknade). U slučajevima ponovnih letova, bez obzira postoji li naknada za ponovno rezerviranje ili ne, i dalje morate platiti razliku u cijeni.
• nepodnošljiv: ne možete letjeti drugom zrakoplovnom kompanijom ako vaša zrakoplovna tvrtka ima problema (ako je let otkazan, to je obično poništeno lokalnim zakonodavstvom)
• nepovratno: ne možete vratiti novac ako ne letite (u Sjevernoj Americi cijena karte može se koristiti kao kredit za drugu kartu uz naknadu; na mnogim drugim mjestima cijela se karta oduzima)
• nepreusmjeren: ne možete se prebaciti na drugu rutu, čak i ako je odredište isto
• neprenosivo: ne možete dati ili prodati kartu nekome drugome
• neograničena kilometraža: na toj karti ne možete zaraditi milje za često letenje
• nenagradivi: ne možete se nadograditi na premium klasu koristeći često letenje kilometara

Što je viša klasa karata, primjenjuje se manje ovih ograničenja. Uobičajena ekonomična karta ima sva gore navedena ograničenja, dok prva ili poslovna klasa ima manje iako su cijene nepovratnih i neobnovljivih cijena relativno česte.

Online rezervacija, bilo putem web stranice prijevoznika ili nezavisnog konsolidatora poput Travelocitya i Expedije, obično nema mogućnost rezervacije. Obično se rezervacija i kupnja ulaznica odvijaju odjednom, pa usluga rezervacije zahtijeva plaćanje unaprijed, debitnom / kreditnom karticom, PayPalom ili sličnom uslugom, računom ili iskorištavanjem iz milja čestog leta. Neke povoljne zrakoplovne tvrtke naplaćuju naknadu za usluge karata putem telefona ili osobne rezervacije, a neke se povoljne cijene nude samo putem interneta. Neki prijevoznici, posebno u Europi, mogu naplatiti malu naknadu za kreditne kartice i / ili PayPal rezervacije što se ne odnosi na debitne kartice s oznakom VISA ili MasterCard.

Ako ste još uvijek na listi čekanja za let na koji biste se željeli ukrcati ili ako želite krenuti na neki raniji ili kasniji let nego što ste rezervirali, možete pokušati letjeti pričekaj. To znači jednostavno pojavljivanje na šalteru za prijavu u zračnu luku i traženje da ga stavite na sljedeći let. Ako ima dovoljno prostora, odmah ćete se prijaviti. Međutim, ako let izgleda pun, morat ćete pričekati dok let ne završi zatvoreno (obično 30-60 minuta prije polaska), a zrakoplovna tvrtka može izbrojati koliko joj je mjesta ostalo. Ne računajte na bilo kakvu posebnu uštedu karte ako letite u stanju pripravnosti i obratno, ne računajte u režimu mirovanja ako je karta jako ograničena.

Ako se ne prijavite do zatvaranja, bit ćete proglašeni za nedolazak. Vaše mjesto sada može dobiti netko u pripravnosti. Rezultat ovisi o ograničenjima i uvjetima karte, što može biti ili potpuni gubitak cijene karte, ili o nekim fleksibilnim kartama koje možete rezervirati za sljedeći let. Kupnja nove karte za isti dan ili dan poslije može biti vrlo skupa, na primjer do 3000 dolara za prekooceanski let, zato pripazite da ne propustite let.

Iako vam rezervacija jamči mjesto, ona ne garantira cenu koja je navedena. Stoga se cijena prijevoza u trenutku rezervacije može razlikovati od cijene dane u trenutku kupnje karte. Navedena cijena zajamčena je samo ako ste spremni odmah rezervirati. Iako se većina letova rezerviranih putem interneta mora platiti odmah, nekoliko prijevoznika može ponuditi mogućnost zaključavanja rezervacije izvršene putem interneta i cijene do tjedan dana za malu naknadu koja je na vrhu ukupne cijene karte

Ograničenja leta mogu biti drakonska - neke tvrtke čak zabranjuju promjene u stanju pripravnosti - pa ćete za bilo kakvu promjenu morati platiti (ponekad skupo); neki također ne dopuštaju povrat novca. Pažljivo provjerite svoje uvjete.

Pisanje vašeg imena

Mnoge aviokompanije zahtijevaju da ime na karti bude identično imenu na putovnici ili osobnoj iskaznici, ponekad bez manjih pravopisnih pogrešaka. Zrakoplovne tvrtke često puno naplaćuju za promjenu imena. To se posebno striktno provodi za letove koji polaze iz američkih zračnih luka, gdje TSA pregledava sve ukrcajne propusnice i identifikacijske dokumente kako bi osigurao da se pravopis imena točno podudara.

• Potrebno je navesti samo ime i prezime, a ne srednje ime.
• Ako prvo ime nije ono koje se koristi svakodnevno, tada treba navesti prvo i svakodnevno korišteno ime, te prezime, na primjer Hugh Laurie treba napisati James Hugh Laurie, jer je njegovo puno ime zapisano u putovnici James Hugh Calum Laurie. Ako postoje sumnje, držite se imena napisanog na putovnici (osim srednjeg imena).
• Ako imate dvostruko obiteljsko ime, trebalo bi uključiti i jedno i drugo (s crticom zamijenjenom razmakom)
• Slova s ​​dijakritičkim oznakama (poput É ili Ä) trebaju biti napisana kao u bijeloj mašinski čitljivoj zoni u putovnici, što obično znači uklanjanje svih oznaka, ali može značiti da npr. Ä je napisano AE. Crtice treba zamijeniti razmakom i izostaviti apostrofe. Ako se koristi viza ili ESTA, sve treba napisati na isti način.
• Nadimci se ne smiju koristiti, čak i ako se koriste svakodnevno. Na primjer, Bill Clinton bi trebao napisati Williama Jeffersona Clintona, jer je to zapisano u putovnici.
• Ako planirate let kada mijenjate ime, na primjer u vjenčanje, ime koje upotrebljavate i dalje mora odgovarati imenu na vašoj putovnici ili osobnoj iskaznici. Ako putovnica nije zamijenjena prije putovanja, upotrijebite stari naziv. Nekoliko medeni mjeseci su uništeni na taj način.
• Dojenčad se ne smije rezervirati prije rođenja, osim ako roditelji nisu sigurni u spol i ime ili su spremni platiti troškove promjene imena, ako je to moguće (to mora biti provjereno).
• Možete si uštedjeti gnjavažu oko unošenja svog imena svaki put kada rezervirate stvaranjem računa za upotrebu na web mjestu zrakoplovne tvrtke (ili konsolidacije putovanja) ili upisom u program za česte letačke letove prijevoznika. Prilikom upisa naravno morate osigurati da se ime koje navedete podudara s imenom navedenim u putovnici. Istovremeno, možete navesti i druge relevantne detalje čime ćete uštedjeti vrijeme prilikom rezervacije.

Vaša karta

Većina zrakoplovnih kompanija koristi elektroničke karte (e-ulaznice); elektronička evidencija svakog detalja rezervacije. Prije su putnici dobili papirnatu kartu koja se sastojala od knjižice letačkih kupona. U većini slučajeva an itinerarni račun s vašim detaljima leta pripremljen je i poslan e-poštom ili ispisan za vašu referencu. Sadrži jedinstveni šesteroznak Zapis imena putnika (PNR), koji se koristi za identifikaciju vaše rezervacije.

Potvrda o putu navodi broj karte, dozvolu za prtljagu, izračun cijene prijevoza, nadoplate, način plaćanja itd. Dolazi i s uvjetima prijevoza, uključujući vaša prava u slučaju da se nešto dogodi s letovima kod kojih ste rezervirani.

U teoriji, e-ulaznica vam omogućuje samo pokazivanje valjane osobne iskaznice prilikom prijave. Iz sigurnosnih razloga neke zračne luke prije ulaska u zračnu luku i / ili prilikom prijave trebaju ispis potvrde o putu kao dokaz svoje rezervacije. Uz to, imigracijske vlasti često zahtijevaju dokaz o daljnjem ili povratnom putovanju. Uvijek sa sobom ponesite ispis potvrde puta.

Zbog zabrinutosti zbog prijevare s kreditnom karticom, kada rezervirate let putem Interneta kreditnom karticom, neki prijevoznici to zahtijevaju pokazati kreditnu karticu koristi za kupnju karata u zračnoj luci ili njihovoj blagajni. Ako imatelj kreditne kartice nije dio putujuće strane, mora vidjeti kreditnu karticu, a ne ovlašteni potpis vlasnika kreditne kartice. Ako to ne učinite, može doći do ponovnog izdavanja karte s istom (ili višom) cijenom te povrata novca za originalnu kartu nakon više tjedana ili čak mjeseci (ako se može povratiti; mogu se primijeniti naknade za povrat).

U rijetkim slučajevima kada vam se izda papirnata karta, vi mora predstavite ga prilikom prijave na let. Pazite na kartu; ne možete se prijaviti bez nje. Ako izgubite kartu, očekujte puno papira i / ili gnjavaže: možda ćete morati kupiti drugu kartu za let i kasnije ćete morati zatražiti povrat novca ili platiti naknadu za ponovnu kupnju karte. A da ne spominjemo da će neke jurisdikcije zahtijevati da podnesete policijsku prijavu. Stoga, ako se bojite izgubiti ili zaboraviti papirnatu kartu, zatražite e-kartu kad god je to moguće. Kada izgubite ili izgubite ispis potvrde o putu, uvijek možete slobodno i jednostavno ispisati drugu kopiju iz svoje e-pošte ili zatražiti od prijevoznika / putničkog agenta da vam je ponovo pošalje e-poštom.

Vaši planovi putovanja mogu se mijenjati bez potrebe za ispisom i isporukom nove karte. Ako vaš zrakoplovni prijevoznik nudi mrežnu ili samoposlužnu prijavu na kiosk, možete ih koristiti za ispis ukrcajnih propusnica, čime štedite vrijeme u zračnoj luci.

Glavni nedostatak je što se detalji vašeg leta nalaze na računalima određene zrakoplovne tvrtke, pa im druge zrakoplovne tvrtke ne mogu pristupiti. To nije problem u 99% slučajeva, ali može biti velika glavobolja ako vam otkazivanje leta zahtijeva prelazak na let s drugom zrakoplovnom kompanijom. Ako se to dogodi, uzmite "odobrivu" papirnatu kartu od originalne zrakoplovne tvrtke kao rezervnu kopiju prije uputivši se do šaltera druge zrakoplovne tvrtke. Isto tako, za složene itinerere koji uključuju više zračnih prijevoznika (poput lete oko svijeta), trebali biste se odlučiti za papirnatu kartu, pogotovo jer među-zrakoplovni ugovori o e-kartama još nisu toliko česti.

Nisu sva odredišta koja nude naslijeđeni prijevoznici prihvatljiva za e-karte. Ali za odredišta koja ispunjavaju uvjete za e-karte, vaš zrakoplovni prijevoznik može naplatiti doplatu ako odlučite kupiti papirnatu kartu. Zrakoplovne tvrtke uglavnom ne izdaju papirnate karte za većinu putovanja.

Dokumenti

Trebate avionska ukrcajna karta da se ukrcate u svoj zrakoplov ... obično samo da biste izašli na uzlet Dobivate ga predstavljanjem a papirnata karta (ako ste ga dobili), i a identifikacija fotografije (možda manje za malu djecu). Ako ste ranije ispisali ukrcajnu propusnicu, identifikacija će osoblju zrakoplovne tvrtke omogućiti potvrdu propusnice i provjeru vaše ručne prtljage.

Ako putujete u drugu zemlju, potreban vam je putovnica s rokom valjanosti najmanje šest mjeseci nakon datuma povratka. Ovisno o državi odredišta i veze, možda će vam trebati jedna ili više vize. Obično ih je potrebno dobiti prije početka putovanja. Osoblje za prijavu može vam uskratiti dozvolu za ukrcaj ako nemate potrebnu i ispravnu vizu.

Unaprijed se obratite svom agentu ili zrakoplovnoj kompaniji. Bez sve potrebne dokumentacije, vaše bi putovanje moglo biti ugroženo. The kreditna kartica koji se koristi za kupnju karte može biti potreban i za provjeru ukrcajne karte, pa ponesite i to.

Bilo koja vlast koja pogleda zrakoplovne karte, ukrcajne karte, putovnice ili druge identifikacijske podatke pažljivo će ispitati imena. Često im trebaju ključni papiri precizno odražavati svoje puno ime i prezime. Pazite da onaj tko rezervira vaše putovanje točno unese svako puno ime i prezime na rezervacije i karte.

Imati dokumentaciju da svi lijekovi pripadaju vama, npr. bočice s oznakom, kopija liječničkog recepta ... za neke zemlje, čak i više. Nakon postavljanja bilo koje međunarodne rute leta, consult official sources that describe limitations on carrying medications and medical devices set by the country of your destination and all en route stops. In some countries, the consequences for carrying illegal items without permission can be substantial, even severe, e.g., in the Middle East, Singapore, Japan. Some Wikivoyage country and airport articles may help with this.

If you bought putno osiguranje, bring something a copy of the insurer's description of the coverage, the policy number, and how to contact the insurer wherever you are. Share that information with someone at home who would help you use the coverage, or benefit from it.

Veze

Vidi također: Dolazak avionom

Flying from point A to point B often involves a tranzit ili a povezanost in point C, where you have to disembark, find your connecting flight's gate, and re-board, and maybe pass a border checkpoint at the airport. If both flights are on the same ticket, the airlines are responsible for broken connections and will try to get you on the next flight if you miss your flight. This may also be the case if you fly the same airline or alliance, and you have allowed the required connection time between flights.

In 2016, some airlines/alliances were considering an extra baggage fee on connecting flights. To collect the fee, some may require you to exit the secure area of the terminal at the connecting airport, claim your checked baggage, re-check it on your continuing flight, and again go through security check to reach the gate for your next flight. This requires considerable time. Check with the airline regarding any such fee and need for extra time for flights you find interesting. Answers may be cause for you to look for other arrangements.

If you book separate flights on separate tickets (especially on different airlines), making the connection is solely your responsibility. If you are flying on an airline or fare type that doesn't permit last minute changes, you may lose your fare when one airline's delay makes you late for the next one. Paying a little more for a flexible fare on the final connection may not only avoid this risk, but can also let you catch an earlier flight if you make the connection ahead of schedule.

Airlines may consider a connection as tight as 35 minutes to be valid; which might be reasonable if you don't have to clear customs or security checkpoints, and the arrival and departure gates are within the same building. However, you can get unpleasant surprises at unfamiliar airports; gates could be at opposite ends of the terminal, or even in separate terminals. In that case you should have at least 90 minutes from landing to take-off. Add time for border checkpoints; preferably an hour for each. You can use slack time to eat at the airport, where the food is likely better than what you may (or may not!) get in the air. For that matter, if you at your final destination need to get on a scheduled ground transport (especially one with infrequent departures), you should reserve enough time to get through immigration, customs and baggage delivery if applicable, an extra half hour or so for plane delays, plus possible time for standing in line at a busy ticket counter.

On-line travel searchers/arrangers show statistics on how often a given flight arrives on time. Generally, the last flight of the day into a given destination will be delayed more often than earlier flights, as the airlines use that flight to "sweep" travelers whose inbound connecting flights run late. While the statistics alone won't tell you whether tvoj particular flight is likely to be delayed, but it's still useful data.

With separately-booked flights, you are responsible for claiming checked baggage, taking it to the next check-in counter, and checking it for the next flight leg.

Border checkpoints

Vidi također: Izbjegavanje putovanja kroz Sjedinjene Države, Granični prijelaz, Vizama

With international connecting flights, check to see if the country where you will be making a connection requires a transit visa to go through their airport. Some countries require all passengers to pass through customs and immigration even if they are just transferring between international flights, e.g., the United States, Canada. You may find it easier if you can avoid passing through these destinations, particularly the United States which has the same requirements for a transit visa as for a tourist visa. Others, such as Hong Kong and Australia, require certain nationalities to obtain a visa even if they plan to remain in the sterile area. You are responsible for procuring all the necessary visas before you fly; request them as early as possible.

Sjedeći

Vidi također: Sjedalo u zrakoplovu

Comfort is mainly determined by cabin class.

• First Class is at the front of the largest aircraft, with top-level comfort and service.
• Poslovna klasa is near the front. Seating is comfortable, and meals and drinks are usually included.
• Premium Economy might have more leg-room than Economy Class; usually at exit rows.
• Economy Class (standard economy ili trener) makes up the bulk of aircraft seating.

Most airlines assign you a seat at booking. In some cases, you can change it. If you check in at the counter with no seat yet assigned, you can ask if a seat is still available. Budget airlines usually have a surcharge for assigned seating.

• Prozor seats give a view, and better sleeping comfort, but are further from the aisle, and have less floor space. The wall can be cold.
• Aisle seats may have more leg space, and make it easier to get up. Sleeping comfort is worse, though.
• Middle seats have the disadvantages of both aisle and window seats.
• Large aircraft have 2-3 outer seats near the windows, with 3-4 (or even 5) between the aisles.
• Some seats in each row may have entertainment electronics installed underneath. These intrude on foot room for those seated behind.

There are also some special seat rows:

• Exit row seats have more legroom and easier access to the aisles; some airlines brand them "Economy Plus". There are some drawbacks: armrests are fixed, and you may need to store baggage overhead. Passengers must be able to help operate the exit in case of an emergency evacuation, so passengers with disabilities, pregnant women and children will not be seated in these rows. Tall passengers might be assigned these seats, but there is no guarantee. Ask at check-in and state the reason you want/need one.
• Upfront seats are the first few rows of an airline's economy class section. Passengers seated here may have the advantage of disembarking first, which is useful for international flights and passengers with tight connections.
• Bulkhead seats have no seat in front of them. You may have to store your baggage overhead. They are often reserved for families with small children. You might snag one on check-in or even at the gate, but count on sitting next to a baby. They have the tray table in the armrest. Some bulkhead seats have a bulkhead behind, meaning that the seat cannot be reclined.
• Window seats near the end of the plane may have more elbow room. However, "window seats" in the back row may in fact have no window. In most jet aircraft, seats in the back get more buka. They increase the chance to survive a crash. Rear-end rows often have no middle seats, and more room to spread out.
• Seats in the srednja of the aircraft vibrate less from turbulence, decreasing risk for air sickness. The view from window seats in the middle is obstructed by the wings.
• Seats just before the exit row and at the end of a section may not recline.
• Seats near toilets may be affected by odors, and have people queuing outside.
• Seats near the galleys may be exposed to noise, smells, and lights.
• A row of unoccupied seats might be used as a makeshift bed. Watch for such rows as the last passengers are taking seats. The flight attendants are also aware of these rows, and may use them to relocate people.
• Aircrafts that normally have three seats in a bloc may have a few rows that have two seats. These are found near exit rows and the rear of the aircraft as well as the upper deck of some carriers' A380 aircraft.

Websites with seating details are SeatExpert, SeatGuru, i Seatmaestro.

Sitting in extra legroom seats, upfront seats, and two-seat blocs largely used to be free but carriers have realised that not all economy class seats are created equal, and charge more for the privilege of sitting in such areas. These can be paid using credit cards or frequent flyer points. Expect to be charged on the spot if these premium seats have not been reserved/allocated and you wish to sit on them. However, members of an carrier's frequent flyer programme who belong to the upper tiers or who have a premium credit card (e.g. gold and platinum) associated with that airline may be able to book these seats for no extra cost or a reduced rate.

Amending trip details and special requests

Sometimes trip plans fall through for whatever reason or you may have additional requests (e.g. seating or meal preferences). If you purchased your ticket from a travel agency or a consolidator website, contact them or visit their website first before getting in touch with the carrier directly. This is especially the case if you purchased your ticket as part of a package (which includes accommodation and other tours). If you purchased your ticket directly from the carrier, you should contact them directly or go to their website to manage your booking. Legacy carriers support special requests on their web sites.

Once you have confirmed your flights, be sure to let the carrier or your travel agent know if you have any special requests. Typical examples include:

• special meals (vegetarian, kosher, medical restrictions, allergies, etc.)
• special seats (exit row seats for tall people, bulkhead seats for baby bassinets)
• airport assistance (wheelchair or unaccompanied minor)

You can check to see what meals to expect on Airlinemeals.net.

Airlines not providing meals in the price of your ticket can be viewed ovdje.

With some airlines, you need to remind the crew about your special meals order before the meals are served, to save them from browsing the passenger list and finding you in the cabin (or even finding your special order after serving you regular meals). Travel agencies have a tendency to lose track of the many requests they get, so if it's stvarno serious it's wise to contact the airline directly and make sure the message has gotten through, and to mention it at check-in.

Special meal requests

Special meals are a variation from the standard food offered by the airline. They generally match a variety of dietary or religions requirements, such as košer, halal, Hinduistički, vegetarian, diabetic, Low salt etc. Children's meals are often also available as special meals.

Special meals are offered by some airlines, often they can be ordered as part of the online booking process, or subsequently by managing the booking online. Special meals always need to be ordered at least 24, and sometimes up to 72 hours in advance, and the chances of getting one at check-in or when on the plane are slim (although it can never hurt to ask, as occasionally there are special meals on the plane from people who failed to board).

Special meals are usually served before other meals, this can be especially useful for children's meals. They can be of higher quality, but can also be lacking in some aspects, for example a vegetarian meal could be a vegan meal such as plain vegetables and rice (rather than that spinach and ricotta pasta they may have been hoping for). Kosher meals (which were among the first special meals to be widely available) have a notoriously shoddy reputation in the US, but again, what you'll get will vary widely by airline and on some carriers you'll automatically get a meal that conforms to certain dietary standards. Izraelski flag carrier El Al for one has never served a non-kosher in flight meal in all its existence. Similarly, the carriers of most Muslim-majority countries, including the big three Middle Eastern airlines Emirati, Qatar Airways i Etihad Airways only serve halal meals on their flights.

Unaccompanied minors

Vidi također: Putovanje s djecom

Unaccompanied minors are children, typically 12 or younger, for whom the airline assumes some duty to care for them. They will disembark last, and will only be handed over to the person identified on a check-in form. If the assigned person does not meet the child from the flight, the airline reserves the right to return the child to the origin immediately at the guardian's cost.

Some airlines (mainly budget airlines) will not accept unaccompanied minors, and might require that children 12 or under must be accompanied by a guardian 18-years or over. Online booking and child discounts might be unavailable for these children. Generally a child must be over 5 to be accepted as an unaccompanied minor. Sometimes the minimum age for a connecting flight is 8 years or over.

Help with complexities

If all the above planning, flight trade-offs and ticket purchasing seems complex (especially for international travel), look for assistance.

• You may have prijatelji with practical experience. Ask them what they've done to plan, choose airlines, make such arrangements, and prepare for your kind of trip. Objectively balance their experiences with your on-line and other research.
• Consider using a agent za putovanja. Vas svibanj pay a premium, but it will often be worth avoiding the considerable work and hassle of finding and booking the best, practicable tickets by yourself. And the agent may fully or partly pay for his/her services by finding special savings at sites you cannot access, e.g., he/she has access to air travel brokers and consolidators not usable by the public, at times offering better deals. He/she can also arrange special requests (special diets, baby bassinets, wheelchair assistance, etc.) directly with the airline. If you wish, they can advise you on accommodations, airport transfers and guided tours that may save you money (perhaps as a package) compared to arranging each need separately. As above, the fee (if any) you pay for such services is real but often "built into" better airline fares and flight selections.

Prtljaga

Vidi također: Letačka prtljaga

There are two basic types of flight baggage. Provjerena prtljaga, check-in baggage ili hold baggage is handed to airline staff at check-in, loaded into the hold of the aircraft, and picked up on arrival. Cabin baggage, hand baggage ili carry-on baggage is carried by passengers in the cabin.

Baggage limits

Baggage allowance is stated on your ticket. Weight and size limits differ between airlines and ticket classes; full-service airlines, higher ticket classes and longer flights tend to be more allowing. The airline's website can tell about fees for additional baggage. Cabin baggage is included with the ticket, except for some budget airlines.

Usually, one piece of check-in baggage is included in business class ticket, or at an intercontinental flight. Each additional bag has a fee, usually less when paid in advance. Weight limit for international flights and domestic US flights is usually 23 kg (50 lb) per piece, not to exceed 60 inches (152,4 cm) total for length, width and thickness. Within Europe, it is often 20 kg (44 lb), with total size varying by airline. Checked items may be limited by total weight of all checked pieces, rather than each piece.

S codeshare flights, baggage allowance may differ from the airline indicated by the flight code, and frequent flyers' increased allowance might not apply.

Cabin baggage

On most aircraft (except the smallest), each passenger can bring one piece of baggage within 55×40×20 centimeters (9×14×22 inches; exact dimensions vary between airlines). A cabin suitcase is designed with these dimensions. Though weight is rarely checked, nominal weight limit is sometimes as low as 7 kg. Most airlines also allow a small bag, such as a purse, handbag, or laptop computer bag, and an umbrella but some low-cost carriers may count these against the one hand luggage allowance passengers are entitled to. Passengers can also carry their own outdoor clothing.

Never put high-value or irreplaceable items in your checked baggage. Most travel insurance and airlines will not cover such items when placed in checked baggage. Checked bags do get misplaced/misrouted, or emergencies may happen during flight, and you may need immediate access to something.

Liquids and dangerous objects

IATA guidelines apply the 3-1-1 limits to svi international flights. They impose 100 ml (3.4 oz) limits on liquids, gels and pastes in cabin baggage, including aerosols, toothpaste, deodorant, drinks and water. Containers must fit in a single clear bag/pouch smaller than 20cm x 20cm or 1 quart. Each container inside must meet the 100ml/3.4oz limit. Exceptions are possible, e.g., for medication or baby care items.

Duty-free items purchased airside svibanj be allowed on board. In the worst case, en-route terminal changes may force you to re-check through security. Even if sealed in a tamper-proof sack, containers of liquids originally bought "airside" elsewhere may not be allowed through "re-check".

Place medications and liquids where they can be easily seen at security check. Ensure that medications are kept in original containers and clearly labeled. Place other liquids in your checked baggage. You may need to demonstrate the harmlessness of any liquid you carry on request by security officials. Expect to discard liquids and gels that don't meet regulations. Bottled water might be bought airside, or refilled in an empty bottle from a bathroom tap.

Sharp or weapon-like objects are prohibited, including pointed scissors, knives, metallic tools, baseball bats, martial arts weapons, as well as "convincing looking" toy weapons. Pack sharp items in your checked bags in ways that don't create risk for baggage inspectors.

The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have strict rules regarding bringing in food. All food must be declared to customs and inspected, even if the items are permitted, and failure to do so is punishable by fines and a possible jail sentence.

Oprema

• Headphones with electronic plug adapters. For long flights, some carriers provide them, often for a fee.
• The airline's web site should list permitted electronic devices; on board, look in the in-flight magazine to find the "rules". Perhaps even better than all this, treat yourself to a good book... hardcopy or electronic.
• A light jacket, vest, wrap or small blanket.
• On longer flights, a neck pillow or other kind of pillow, something to pad the small of the back
• Slippers
• Nicotine gum for smokers
• Earplugs or noise-canceling headphones
• Sanitizing wipes
• Novine. Can be used to insulate against the cabin wall.
• Health kit for minor "incidents", e.g., cuts/scratches, stomach upset, slight infections.

Baggage with electronic devices is more likely to be inspected; so pack them to be easily seen. In most countries, laptops and tablet computers are scanned separately; you have to remove it from any cabin baggage holding other items. Make sure its batteries are charged at least enough to "boot" it up for a simple demonstration.

Airport security may confiscate carry-on items they feel are "suspicious", often without recourse. At that point, you would not be able to put those items in your checked baggage, because by then it would already be waiting to be loaded aboard your aircraft.

Carry-on only travel

If you need less baggage, consider taking carry-on only. You don't have to wait to claim baggage, and you might save a baggage fee. Check your ticket for baggage restrictions. However, you can only bring items that pass through airport security. Consider to buy clothes, toiletries and other equipment at the destination. Due to the proliferation of low-cost airlines where the baggage fee sometimes exceeds the ticket price, there are various videos or guides online showing how to fit a week's vacation into a "jacket" and cabin sized backpack. Keep in mind that you may attract more scrutiny trying to pull something like that and checking non pre-booked luggage in at the airport usually costs more than booking it with your flight.

A few airlines actually charge for anything beyond the "personal item" of your hand luggage. If you fly with such an airline paying for checked bags is usually better value anyway.

Alternative baggage delivery

If you want to travel with carry-on only but also have check-in baggage, you can use luggage delivery service. Alternatively, you can use a wardrobe management company like The Traveler's Closet^{[ranije mrtva veza]}.

Smatrati shipping baggage as cargo, also known as unaccompanied baggage. Many airports have companies that will arrange this for you, and aggregators like xsbaggage can find one for you. Fees can be quite high, and your bags will be shipped separately ...necessarily a few and perhaps several days earlier. Instead of claiming them at your destination airport, you'll have to arrange collection or delivery somewhere else. For international locations, you may need to do customs declarations/claims for them.

Baggage to be checked

Vidi također: Lista za pakiranje

Checked baggage allows more weight and volume than your hand baggage, and allows restricted items such as knives and liquids. It is however more exposed to theft, weather, and forceful baggage handling.

Pressurized containers, explosives, hazardous materials and weapons (or items that izgled like weapons) are prohibited, both in cabin and check-in baggage. For the USA, see the TSA's guide to Transporting Special Items. Note also "Carry-on Contents" below.

Consider customizing the outside of your checked baggage with tape, colored belts, etc., so you can find it easily at baggage claim...and no one else can claim it "erroneously".

If you take as much as you are allowed, purchases on your trip may make your bag(s) overweight on your return trip, requiring extra fees. One alternative might be to donate or discard enough used clothing before returning home to offset your purchases. If you plan a lot of shopping, consider packing a collapsible bag for your return trip. Outbound it should induce little weight and so no fee in you check bag(s); homeward bound it can prevent a piece from becoming overweight. To ensure no weight overage, you might use a bathroom weight scale at home. Later, an accurate handheld scale can be useful; lacking that, ask about a scale at the hotel having just packed for your return.

Most airports have baggage carts for rent, but you often need local currency, usually coins. In some countries, you cannot take these carts through security checkpoints. Some airports offer free carts, more often in areas for arriving flights. Most airports and hotels have porters, usually working for tips. Elsewhere, you'll likely be entirely on your own.

Ostale brige

On small aircraft, you might need to check in standard-dimension hand baggage. Most airlines don't charge for such checking, but it increases risk of theft. With airlines that charge extra fees for all checked bags, baggage costs can become punitive. If in doubt, check in advance with your agent or airline for each leg on your itinerary.

Some low cost carriers (e.g. Ryanair) have no free checked baggage allowance and charge per kilo. Large items such as sport equipment might induce more fees, special baggage check-in, and extra time to be claimed on arrival.

Overweight baggage

For checked baggage, every kilo (or centimeter) over the limit may be charged some fixed fee or a percentage of the airfare. This can get expensive, especially on budget airlines.

• Once you place your bag on the scales at check-in, some airlines will not allow you to take out contents; even if they do, it is an embarrassing hassle.
• If you were close to the allowed weights outbound, make sure you wear the same (weights of) clothes back home.

If you know your bags will be definitely overweight, consult your airline. They may offer baggage upgrades before arrival at the airport for less than excess-baggage fees at the airline counter. Pre-booking excess baggage online can come with discounts.

Most airlines have an absolute maximum weight limit for a single checked item, often 32 kg; this is for the health and safety of the baggage handlers loading the aircraft.

As an alternative to excess baggage, consider sending your excess items by post or courier.

Lijekovi

Imati documentation that all lijekovi belong to you. Take no more meds than you need on your trip. Keep all in their original containers (over-the-counter and Rx) so that baggage inspectors (especially customs) will have an indicator of what's inside. Make sure that no substance is illegal in any country you will visit or transit. For some countries, you need government permission to carry the meds within its borders.

• Some countries (e.g., Japan) may have unexpected restrictions on basic medications, even at-home over-the-counter items, e.g., anti-histamines. They will be confiscated if discovered.
• The consequences for unauthorized medications can be severe, e.g., immediate confiscation, fine, arrest, possible prison.

How to pack

Pack as much as possible of check-in baggage contents in resealable plastic bags. They help security inspections and repacking, and protect against rain or being soiled. If you choose to seal them (e.g., if zip-lock bags), "burp" them of excess air; otherwise, at altitude the bags may burst. They are equally useful returning, e.g., to keep soiled items separate from other content.

Checked baggage is often tossed about in transit. Fragile items should be carefully packed, or preferably carried in hand baggage. Primjena a FRAGILE sticker to checked baggage is rarely sufficient to change the way baggage handlers care for bags. Place heavy items toward the bottom of bags. Do not mix heavy and fragile items in the same bag. Any content likely to trigger a manual inspection should be placed where it will be quickly seen as the bag is opened.

For containers of substantial liquids, choose rugged screw-capped bottles with tops not designed to pop open, even if you must buy them separately and manually fill them at home. Otherwise, use new/unopened bottles of product still sealed. Consider taping any pop-open cap tightly to the rest of the container as well as the opening. Put each bottle in a separate, burped and sealed plastic bag to protect other baggage contents. Even better, if your destination(s) have such products for sale, you can save weight, space and bother by buying them there.

Glass containers and other fragile items must be packed well. Put them individually in plastic bags and seal with a knot or their zip-lock. Wrap them in clothes or towels and place them in the middle of your bag between other soft items. The overall bag needs to be tightly packed.

Never put unprocessed film in checked baggage. X-rays destroy unprocessed film. Magnetic tape may be affected by repeated exposure to strong x-rays.

Preventing and recovering lost baggage

Place identification on both the outside and inside of your bag. Rugged, well-attached baggage tags are crucial...with at least name, address, phone. Prefere those that have a flap to cover your identity.

• Copies of your trip itinerary inside and in an outside pocket can be equally useful, including name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, flight number(s) and your itinerary. Airlines or others must have this to locate you or forward your baggage if your tag or the airline tag comes off or baggage gets mis-routed.
• If packing a box, put your name, address and phone numbers in big block letters and numbers on at least 2 opposite sides, plus an itinerary sheet inside. Do not use a return address unless you are shipping something as air freight. Checked baggage should have only ONE address.

If an airline "loses" bags, it often loses one rather than all, except for major delays and flight cancellations. Distribute clothes and other equipment for everyone in the group between bags, so everyone has something to use until the "lost" bag is found. Delayed baggage coming in on a later flight is far more common than truly "lost" baggage (over 24 hrs.) Take a photo of all your checked baggage for identification; this is useful to cross language barriers. Lost or delayed baggage is more common if you depart from a larger airport than a smaller one. This includes transfers en route; the size of your arrival airport is less important. Non-stop flights decrease the risk of baggage hassles.

• As a last resort, airlines can search a worldwide database of the contents of bags that have been misdirected... based on passenger declarations of contents at lost-baggage offices. They do not catalog each item inside a bag, so declare one unique, easily-seen item in your bag to help the airline find it. All the more reason to place copies of your itinerary inside and outside your checked bags.

Two ways to reinforce baggage, are:

• Tightly applying brightly-colored baggage straps. Ensure any strap-ends are well-secured/tucked-in so they won't be snagged in handling. The colors will help you find your checked bags.
• In major departure airports, you may find a baggage-omatanje servis. For a fee, they will wrap a piece of baggage in multiple layers of plastic sheeting. (Such wrap is not permitted if your baggage will go through U.S. and some other countries' security screening; they must be able to quickly inspect contents manually.) Wrapping occurs before you present the baggage at the airline counter to be checked. Make sure the weight of the wrap doesn't make the item overweight. Also make sure your name tag is clearly visible...preferably outside the wrap.

Securing your bags

A few steps can help deter damage and krađa, but can be compromised because items must be ready for security inspections.

Airports do electronic and/or manual inspection of bags. At a manual inspection, the bag is opened. If locked by other than approved locks for that country (e.g., by TSA for the U.S.), inspectors must cut or break them (and perhaps the zipper-pulls they're applied to) to get inside. If you check hard-shelled suitcases with "built-in" locks, consult the airline or your travel agen for usability.

After manual inspection, bags are re-packed and re-secured by inspectors, with your lock, your baggage strap and/or a plastic tie joining the zipper-pulls. If plastic ties have been applied, you might need a cutting tool. Put it in an outside pocket of the suitcase. Inspectors usually leave a note inside an inspected bag.

You may be directed to check one or more bags (that you expect to carry-on) at the ticket counter, aircraft gate or as you step board. Reasons can include:

• You have over-packed one or more of them, or have too many. This can involve a major fee.
• Part of your journey is on a small plane with limited cabin space.
• If one of the last to board, the cabin might run out of space. They announce that those not yet seated must allow large carry-on baggage to be taken to the hold; items will receive special tags. Carry-ons are much more likely to contain valuables, and so are often targeted by thieves. You should lock them after passing the personal security check. If practicable, snugly apply a baggage strap. You'll usually claim "checked carry-ons" at the baggage claim. For smaller aircraft, you may have gate- or ramp-checked your carry-on, and it may well be returned to you as you depart the aircraft.

Some travelers take extra precautions with checked bags...some expensive:

• To locate their bags at baggage claim, they fasten flashers/beepers to the outside that they can trigger by a device they carry.
• Others may place GPS tracking devices inside their baggage that indicate its location...helpful if lost or misrouted.

Special luggage

It is usually possible to bring special oversize luggage, in top of your main check-in bag. This can be sports equipment (golf, skis, bicycle etc), musical instrument etc. They should be prebooked, and you should ask before booking your main ticket if they are allowed. Some flights don't allow such luggage. If you travel with expensive sports equipment (SCUBA gear, parachute, etc.), chances are you might be allowed to take them into the aircraft cabin. Chances are higher if your destination is used to that kind of equipment. Taking SCUBA gear to Egypt and a parachute to Dubai should be hassle free, but the other way around, taking it on board might be declined.

There is an extra fee, which can be $400 for a long-distance return ticket. Wheel-chairs and baby-strollers are normally allowed without extra cost, but should also be prebooked.

Clothing

Vidi također: Clothing

The days of wearing one's "Sunday Best" on a plane are now mostly gone and even business travelers or celebrities will nowadays dress for comforts more than looks. That said, there's no need to be disheveled or forego a shower. Even if you sleep at the airport, there's usually an option to clean yourself. Outside baggage allowance, passengers can wear as much clothes as they prefer, including heavy outdoor clothes... within reasonable limits. Cabin temperature may vary in-flight, especially when flying overnight. Dress in adjustable slojevi.

• Koristi soft jacket for warmth.
• Blankets and pillows are usually offered on long flights, and/or in business class. Other passengers can consider to bring them.
• Warm socks/slipper-socks can be useful. Wear your shoes when walking to the toilet, as their floors may be wet, even filthy. Cabin walls and cabin air near exit doors can get cold. If you have a window seat, you'll likely need something to insulate against the wall...even a few sheets of newspaper can help remarkably. If near an exit door, you may need all the clothing layers you can access, especially if you can't get a blanket.

It has been said that passengers who fly in a business suit receive better service. While wearing a suit instead of packing it can save baggage space, you risk soiling it.

Airplane interiors can be filthy, especially on budget airlines. Consider wearing something in-flight that you can doff soon after disembarking to wash/clean it later. Ako traveling for business, put at least one business outfit in your hand baggage.

When leaving a cold region for a warm one, you can leave winter wear at home if air transit is short. Consider leaving winter garments with friends if they take you to the airport and pick you up on return.

For travel to a cold region from warm, use layers and carry at least a lined jacket; it may be some time before you get the clothes from your checked baggage.

Ostati siguran

Vidi također: Savjeti za nervozne letake, Flight and health

While the risk for lethal accidents is very low on commercial airlines, delays and cancellations are frequent.

• Check government sources and reliable news sources for travel warnings. If they show potential for trouble (strikes, political unrest, natural disasters, etc), check with your agent, airline or airport (e.g., website) about your travel. Whether or not you are a U.S. citizen, you may be interested in the U.S. State Department's travel warnings and those by other relevant governments. Those warnings can affect departures from U.S. or other airports to areas having a warning, i departures from such locales to your country.
• Consider the safety record of the airline, the aircraft it uses, and airport reputations if flying into smaller airfields or developing countries. Also look for flight segments you've been offered under a code-sharing arrangement, where you book on a reputable airline but actually fly on a different one for any part of your trip. You may then be flying an airline or aircraft with a poorer or unknown safety record, or that has baggage capacity less than you may need for your trip. Note that airlines from developing countries (such as Air Zimbabwe) can have outstanding safety records, so don't make assumptions. The Europska unija bans a bunch of airlines from its airspace. The list is a matter of public record, but the reasons are sometimes arguably political. That said, you may want to follow the EU's lead in not using an airline even if the reason is "political".

Ako imate health issues, consult your doctor and ensure the airline knows about any condition that might be problematic for flying well before the start of the trip – even before you pay for tickets. Airlines can often help you if you have physical limitations or some medical condition.

Fifty countries worldwide, including China, South Africa, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand require that insecticides (usually residual types) be used on planes. If the airline (e.g., Hawaiian Airlines) does not use residual insecticide, the plane may be sprayed in-flight. If you are sensitive to such chemicals, ask in-advance what is used.

Osiguranje

Main article: Putno osiguranje

Travel insurance cost depends on trip cost and duration, age of travelers, level of coverage requested for certain problems, and destination country.

Airline insurance purchased with the ticket will often focus only on the airline's responsibilities, while a quality, overall travel policy will cover most/all risks of your end-to-end trip. You may obtain better rates for a general policy by buying a it through or from an association you belong to, e.g., AAA, AA, AARP. Very-frequent travelers should consider long-term (annual) policies; coverage can be equivalent while costing much less per trip.

Flight insurance (for death or major dismemberment while flying to a single destination) has also become a very poor investment. The probability is extremely low that you or your relatives will receive bilo koji benefit...because flying has become so safe.

Pre-flight checks

Reconfirming your flight

In general, it is no longer necessary to call the airline to reconfirm flights, as reservation systems are fairly reliable. Check the reservation online, and call the airline only if there are problems.

The main exceptions are when you are flying way off the beaten track on an airline that doesn't (or looks like it doesn't!) do computerized reservations, especially when there won't be another flight for a week. Off the beaten track in Indonezija, for example, it's wise to reconfirm not just once but twice — although you may still get bumped off if a VIP and his harem show up at the last minute.

Checking your reservation

Double-check that your itinerary is still correct. Not only can you check that everything is order, but also you can see whether any waitlists have cleared, flight times have changed, your special requests are recorded, etc. Most legacy carriers offer checking through a website, smartphone app, and telephone. Check in good time, as in case of flight cancellation or overbooking, you might be able to catch an earlier flight. If your carrier changes the itinerary. they or your agent will try to contact you, but they may not reach you in time. There are a number of online services for reservation checking; however, you'll have to figure out which reservation system was used to do the booking. This is usually printed at the top of your itinerary, but if all else fails you can always ask the agent.

• Abacus/Sabre
• Amadeus
• Apollo/Galileo
• Iako Worldspan also offers such information, it is now accessible only to those with a valid Worldspan server installation, and ready to use ID and GDS for sign-on.

Budget airline flights often will not show up in these systems.

U slučajevima severe weather (e.g. blizzard, fog) or recent airport closures, get in touch with your airline before you leave home to see whether your flight is delayed or cancelled. If your flight is cancelled, and you have been put on the waitlist for a future flight, don't come to the airport, until the airline informed you that you can fly on the flight for which you are waitlisted. Check occasionally to learn of any progress.

Online prijava

Vidi također: At_the_airport#Check-in

Most carriers now offer online check-in of some form where passengers can at least initiate the check-in process on an internet-enabled device (e.g. personal computer, smartphone, tablet) before arriving at the airport. The online check-in window opens anytime from 24 hours (especially for flights involving the US) to 30 days (for low cost carriers based in Europe) before departure. Nowadays, online check-in may be the only way to initiate the check-in process for some low-cost carriers (e.g. Ryanair). To begin online check-in, passengers have to log on to their carrier's website or open their carrier's mobile app (which can be downloaded from their device's app store). They will need the booking reference or their username and password for the airline's website (if they booked the flight while logged on using their account) and follow instructions from there. For international flights, passengers may also need to supply details found in their passports. They can select their preferred seats, add extra bags, provide their frequent flyer number for mileage accrual, and purchase other extras (depending on the carrier). At the end of the process, passengers may be given the option to print their boarding card or download it to their phones.

Za neke letove internetska prijava možda nije moguća ili dolazi s ograničenjima čak i ako zrakoplovna tvrtka rutinski nudi internetsku prijavu. To je osobito slučaj ako putnik leti na ruti na kojoj osoblje mora vidjeti dodatne dokumente (npr. Vizu) i izvršiti dodatne sigurnosne provjere. Čak i ako je moguća internetska prijava, a putnici nemaju prtljagu, prijevoznik će i dalje morati zahtijevati da odu do određenog stola u zračnoj luci radi dodatnih provjera.

Ako putnik ne može iz bilo kojeg razloga prijaviti se putem interneta ili ispisati / preuzeti svoju ukrcajnu karticu, kiosci za prijavu u zračnoj luci rade na isti način i izdaju ukrcajnu karticu. Nakon završetka dijela mrežne prijave, putnici s torbama mogu ih odvesti do određenog zrakoplovnog stola u zračnoj luci kako bi nastavili postupak.

Specifična mehanika prijave razlikuje se ovisno o prijevozniku; prije odlaska od kuće provjerite web mjesto svog prijevoznika.

Ostale metode daljinske prijave

Neki prijevoznici nude i prijavu na stanicama izvan prostorija zračne luke. Ponuđeni sadržaji slični su onim koji se nalaze u a tradicionalna prijava kolodvora u zračnoj luci, ali često mogu doći uz dodatnu naknadu ili im mogu koristiti samo putnici koji putuju na određeni način u zračnu luku (npr. aerodromski vlak). U sve rjeđim slučajevima neki prijevoznici mogu ponuditi i SMS ili telefonsku prijavu putem koje putnik dolazi do određenog stola po dolasku u zračnu luku.

Vidi također

• Osnove putovanja

Gotovo? Prijeđite na sljedeći odjeljak ovog vodiča: U zračnoj luci →